Journey through the vocabulary of Kosovo

From: Qemal Murati

Kosovar as ethnolect and lexical corpus

1.When talking about the dialects of Kosovo and the vocabulary of these dialects, the terms were created and used Kosovar and Kosovarism. But what exactly are these terms?

termi Kosovar and Kosovarism have been used by linguists to mark some linguistic solutions characteristic of the territory of Kosovo. The Kosovar woman it is not a dialect in the literal sense. It could be described as a type of ethnolect, whose features have been shaped in the special Kosovar and non-Kosovo linguistic environment, where within the unified linguistic code the influences of the extreme northern, northeastern and eastern dialects of Gehrish and the influences of dialectal Serbian and common. with Kosovar the literary variant of common Albanian is understood as it was applied not only in Kosovo, but also in Macedonia and among the Albanians of Montenegro.

The entry of these elements into the discourse of the literary language is a consequence of the increase in the contacts of the speaking communities inside and outside the borders of Albania. The ability of the Kosovar language to influence the Albanian literary discourse is determined by the solution that Kosovar linguists gave to the problem of the common language before and after the Orthographic Congress of 1972. By accepting the same language code with the main Albanian trunk, they thereby facilitated two-way communication and became during this process not only receivers, but also givers. It is precisely the existence of this same code that enables the entry of characteristic Kosovar elections. Out of all the relationships of this two-way communication, the one that comes out the winner by being enriched is the Albanian language (Spiro 2010:19).

On the dialectal and lexical level, within the idiom of Kosovarish there are inherent distinguishing features from one region to another, therefore we cannot speak of a unique type of Kosovarishte, but of several Kosovarishtes or, at least, of 10-12 Kosovarishtes, from the core own have been preserved almost preserved until today.

Language and speaking has also given great importance Chamber of Kosovo. By way of wisdom of speech, such expressions are used: Shkodran has the word in the language (give the answer immediately), Rrafshi i Dukagjini in your pocket, and Rrafshi i Kosova at home. Or: "The people of Gjakova have the words on the tip of their tongue, they give the answer on the spot, the people of Drenica have the words in their stomach and, after they go home, they remember what they should have said" (Anecdota 1987:111). Speech is quite characteristic in Kosovo discourses with rolls, which are sometimes called and me Shaka e me I grumbled.

The population of Kosovo, located in the grip of foreign invaders and threatened especially by Serbian, has always cultivated the greatest love for its native language as a defender of its existence against the foreign language. "Everyone's own language seems sweeter than a foreign language", and "The foreign language binds you to whom"- say the people of Kosovo. Care for the mother tongue is also shown in popular anecdotes. In the Kosovar ode of Drenica, folklorist Mehmet Rukiqi has recorded such an anecdote:

"Tahir Berisha, they had their own conversations with us:

- Why is it being said guha a nana and not guha e baba?

- From his mother, he learned his first words; nana is always near the door; that he never confuses his tongue with words to speak; the father is not interested in work. She has the world in her eyes. He speaks with chamois, and he mixes his tongue with foreign words” (Krajkovë, Drenica, Rukiqi 2012: 216).

Differentiating lexical and morphological features

2.The vocabulary of the Albanian dialects of Kosovo has its own character, which distinguishes it from other linguistic areas of Albanian. But, in addition to the uniform word, there are also some features with an internal distinguishing character, lexemes that appear to be used with different phonetic variants in different regions of the Kosovo Plain and the Dukagjin Plain.

The discourses of Kosovo constitute a special unity within the dialectal diversity of Albanian. Dialect-geographically, they belong to the North-Eastern Gehrese dialects, but with the participation of the North-West Gehrese features (Rugova area). In this area of ​​villages in the province of Rugova, near Peja, villages bearing the names Shkrel, Bogaj, etc. were formed by those who came from the mountainous regions of Shkodra. The speech of their inhabitants (mainly of the older generation), until now preserves the basic characteristics of the speech of the northwest, of the highlanders of the Great Highlands (diphthong ua, Feb; o chn; PASSING mb = p, nd = t, the passage of kl = ki, etc. ), even though it is under the influence of the speech of the population around Kosovo.

Areal linguistics of Kosovo

3.The regions and cities of Kosovo differ a lot in terms of their speech. In addition to dividing it into two large entities, Plain of Kosovo and Dukagjin Plain, that also differ linguistically, Kosovo is also divided into other special ethnographic areas or provinces with specific linguistic features:

1.Drenica (the ethnogeographical province in the central part of Kosovo and the known hearth of the national resistance) by the country's population, the area of ​​Drenica is further known by two names:

1. a) Pasha's Drenica, which occupies the southeastern part (includes 18 villages); AND
2. b) Red deer (62 villages), which are also distinguished by ethnopsychological characteristics. Red deer considers himself to be the most warrior of Drenica of Pasha, because he returned his word and weapon to the Pasha (Turkish rulers);

2.Gallap (ethnogeographic province on the eastern side of Kosovo. There are over 100 villages;

3.Anamorava (Lower Moravia and Upper Moravia), areas with differences among themselves;

4.Lab – the ethnogeographic province and the heart of the national resistance. There are about 70 villages;

5.Podguri – the ethnogeographic region of the northern side of the Dukagjin Plain;

6.River - the ethnogeographical region of the Dukagjin Plain, with about 80 villages, known for national resistance;

7.Bad Reka – the small ethnogeographical province of Reka e Rrafshi i Dukagjini;

8.Rugova - the ethnogeographic region, a mountainous area in the Albanian Alps, which extends to near Peja and the Plain of Dukagjin and is bordered by the province of Plava and Gucia;

9.The valley of Baran - areal between the downstream of Lumbardhi of Peja (Bistrica i Peja), in the north, Lumbardhit of Deçan (Bistrica e Deçan), in the south, and White Drin in the east, with special linguistic characteristics.

10.The province of Dushkaja - ethnogeographical area (with 26 villages) in the eastern part of Central Dukagjin, bordering the Barani River. Between Lug i Barani and Duskhaja ​​there are obvious linguistic differences. The Baran trough uses the platoon ue: there is go, it worked, while the side of Dushkaja: he went, he worked. In the villages of Lugu t Barani it is said: I'm going to the island, I'm going to Peja, nuri bridge, Dushkaja side: You are going to Špi, you are going to Peja, the stone bridge. Differences are also observed within the villages of Dushkaja. For example, in Bardhaniq they say: I swear (by Allah), curse the god (by God), in other villages: by Allah, by God.

11.Bajgora saddle - the ethnogeographic province on the northern side of Kosovo, with about 30 villages, also known for national resistance (Neziri 2004:251).

12.Prizren – it also differs with its linguistic and lexical specifics, especially with the provinces of Gora and Opoja. The inhabitants of this area also differ in their folk clothing, traditions, rites, customs and folklore.

13.Anadrinia (Podrimja) – has a thin accent on vowels and a characteristic speech known as the speech of Rahovec.

14.The province of Has - he also speaks a slightly different language than the others.

In the discourses of the areas of Kosovo, several very different characteristics are noticed:

Gjakovars talk to sh: Goodbye? That's it? Other areas of Kosovo: shka bâne, shka ki? In the speech of the city of Gjakova, the following are used: en skate, en jyst, en midist, en mujt, en javt, en funt (for at the end, in half, in between, every month, every week, in the end). The citizen of Gjakova pronounces an intermediate type of r-'s, with the articulation of which the tip of the tongue does less than for rr, but more than for r.

Pejane – they have a habit of adding one to some words b ose d homorganic: Zember (heart), e saturday (Saturday), back would (back), zembra (for hearts), finished (taken). They use r FOR rr: ruga, buri. AND rr FOR r: the grain (for wife). Peja does not use the word ferry e ball all Kosovans. They tell Dad that's it, and instead of nanny use tat-a. In the discourse of this city, several feminine names with the suffix - ka: The nose (for Sanija), satka (Sadia), Samka, as well as a larger number of Turkisms: dolmas (Peja) – pepper mushun (Lugu i Barani), as an expression of a citizenry against the surrounding countryside.

Duskaja of Dukagjin Plain use: Shabâ(n) Kapuçi, Shabâ(n) Rama, Hasâ(n) Kadrija, Hysê(n) Rexha, me â and ê nasal and with pronunciation n- of the final stunted.

The people of Drenica use verb forms: I was, I was, I was obedient (for we were, we had, convincing). Then: ka thô, ô kô (for he said, he was).

Gjilanians dj e g they pronounce them with gj: they eat the bone with their fingers.

llapjanë talk to ö: möll, shköll, pö, joe.

Prizren uses the expressions: do you know, are you coming, are you eating, are you drinking.

Nin Prizren the language is a mish-mash between Albanian and Turkish. The problem is also said to the needle without points CAPE. They speak without prepositions and without prepositions. When you ask the Prizren resident "venali" where are you from? He answers: Prizren. - Where are you going? - Prizren.

Skenderaj. They are also used in Skenderaj pö- come with me ö with two dots. But they also have other more typical expressions. The most egregious case oh where this hIt's almost inaudible.

Pristina, as it is said, it speaks "Muhajarche", because it is a very mixed area. It has become a "melting pot” (melting pot) for Kosovo idioms.

Dialectal differences also appear within a certain area:

In the Upper Morava of Gjilan it says: Wait, I'm coming now, while in Lower Moravia: Wait, it's coming.

Meanwhile, even within a village, dialectal differences are observed. In the village of Vërban in Vitis, the Village of Veshve uses: It's frosted, while Mehalla e Jashar: It's raining (communication by Nezir Selman).

In this aspect, the lexicon of the Kosovar dialects is of special interest both for the historical dialectal development of Albanian, as well as for phonetic, morphological, semantic, etymological studies, for research of cross-cultural lexical interference with Serbian, Turkish, Romanian, Romanian, etc.

Archaic phonetics and morphologies

4.In the lexical corpus we encounter: let's go noise, noise; krymyll sh. krymell-t "snail"; word formations and layers of words from different sources - local and foreign stone. Hasim and lexical units and diverse elements of the ethnographic and ethnocultural field, such as: burrneshe, noraxhi, nore (me), out of sight, out of sight, boy in the field "adopted son"; archaisms like hashan "sheep shepherd, shepherd" etc.

In morphology it is interesting to mention the use of the front knot in family names and places of residence: brother in law – husband's brother; the sister-in-law – brother's wife; the katunsi "fellow villager"; you don't know them "Resident of the Vokshi region"; the decadence "resident of the village of Deçan"; "The cunning one (Dërmjakasi, that of Dërmjak village) (HE); I chirped - resident of Cicili village, i kuneviksi – resident of fsh. Kunevik, the bajgors - resident of fsh. Bajgor, the shaljansi - resident of Shala e Bajgora (Vushtrri).

Pejoratives - the Kosovo dictionary protects a treasure with a special linguistic color, a word rich in pejoratives and interesting phonetic, morphological, semantic and phraseological phenomena. We are bringing only a few of such lexemes:

Böthuk – coward;

Dimnak – one who was born in the winter season. This ô dimnak and not nerth.

Fistar – tribe boy, precious man, noble; he who loves himself and his relatives: The boys of Krasniqe are festive;

Sleep – the one who sleeps a lot unnecessarily, who is lazy to wake up in the morning; sleepy, sluggish (in FGJSSH sleep – herb that puts you to sleep, hypnotic);

Lyrc – one who anoints someone for certain purposes;

Kalukõnxhe – dense fog in the mountains that hinders the journey and causes the loss of the way to the designated place;

Meadow – new field, which was a meadow before, suitable for Moravian corn and for beans (at FGJSSH – small meadow, place with meadows).

Stanishte – place with stables.

Pejoratives with the suffix -ejk:

Gushêj: k – woman with swollen gills;

Çubardhê: jk – beautiful girl with fair, blond hair;

Vegê: jk - adult girl, physically developed, not behaving well, lazy; Fllicê: jk – dirty female;

Morrê: jk - a dirty woman who has lice on her body and especially in her hair;

Zdrolê: jk - an unclean woman, who wears her clothes loosely;

Zhugê: jk - female sick with scabies; scabby, scabby sheep;

Spirit: jk - female with poor health;

Get up: jk - a woman who laughs at anything; conceited, inconsiderate;

Hallê: jk - promiscuous, immoral woman;

Krrutê: jk – a hunched female, usually an old woman advanced in age;

The crutches – hunched over man;

Paluska - a sly woman or girl who hangs around and pretends to be honest; insidious (Deçan).

The Kosovar dictionary is also equipped with typical Kosovar expressions:

God bless you "I saw God".

Dekterna "until".

Tonshi/ tanoj "then, then".

Llêgë (the works are sludgy).

How much? Are you tired; what are you?/ what are you? (si je, how are you?), which we do not find in other Albanian dialects.

Distinctive feature in the field of lexis

5.In the dictionary of Albanian dialects of Kosovo, there are also some features with a distinctive character in the field of the lexicon, which appear to be used with different phonetic variants in different regions of the Kosovo Plain and the Dukagjin Plain, such as:

Zgur-a "big hollow in the trunk of some old wood" (Llugaxhi - Lipjan), xgor-i sh. xgora (Bajgora); strufullog-u/ gorrl-a (Chaber); the xgora (Istog-Uca), zguer/ zgora (Podujevo), slow (Palace).

Knus-i/ krues-i in the Plain of Kosovo, and in the Plain of Dukagjin, in Istog and its surroundings gel, sh. hangman. The word the rooster The dialects of Malësë e Madhe (Melësë e Mbishkodra), where we often find man as a personal name, also come out in abundance.

Vizllor "fireflies" (Llugaxhi, Bajgorë, Çaber, Pollatë), vizllim-a (Istog, Podujevo).

Tight - a pastoral word, found in the Dukagjini Plain, but absent in the Kosovo Plain; Va:th- the earrings it is used in Rugova of Kosovo, while in Kosovo it is used correspondingly tomorrow, in Opoja useless.

Krymyll-a "snail" (Saddle of Bajgora), pizhimush-i (Llugaxhi);

Prlak-u sh. procrastinate "little donkey" (Çaber, Bajgorë), chuperlak-i (Llugaxhi).

Yours – in the Kosovo Plain, I see it as a passive word, as a stiff expression top votre, while in the Dukagjin Plain, in Istog and Uçë, it is usually found as a daily active word (Ahmetaj 1985: 325).

Dialectal and lexical differences are also found within a narrower area, as e.g. sh. in the speech of Upper Morava and Lower Morava, where we note:

We roast chicken, sell it, cut it, process it (Lower Moravia), and chicken is roasted, sold, cut, processed (Upper Morava) (Halimi 1985: 245). Even within the area of ​​Drenica, the lexical and phonetic differences are noticeable, they say in the village of Prekaz Trefoil, while in Klodernica tease.

Names of popular masses

6.A rich and varied denomination is used for popular masses:

Snow thickness measurement: Units for measuring snow thickness are old. These are: 1. Ni apô (apông) bo:r "a little snow that can cover the opinga (shoe)" - when 5-6 cm of snow falls; 2. Ni chora:p bo:r "thickness of snow that reaches the mouth of the sock"; 3. Ni gû bo:r "the thickness of snow up to the knee of a man of average height"; 4. Ni shke:k bo:r "the thickness of the snow that reaches up to the shoulders ("pockets") of the Turks"; it is also said "Ni sho:k bo:r”, which means the thickness of the snow up to the waist of an average man; 5. Ni fyt bo:r "big snow that reaches up to the throat of an average man".

Length measurement: The units for measuring length were: 1. Pelqik, -i "the space between the thumb (thick) of the hand and the index finger"; 2. Finger, -i "as much as the thickness of the index finger" (one finger, three fingers): Two fingers apart; 3. Slap "the length of four fingers"; 4. Plôme "the length (as well as the thickness) between the thumb and little finger of the hand, when we open the hand"; 5. Kô:m,-a (foot) "the length from the sole of the foot to the tips of the toes"; 6. That's it "the length and thickness of the sole of the foot", it says: Two kôm e ni tthore; 7. Pash, -i "the length of the span of two arms of an average man"; Sôna du:le gjô:n is fit; 8. Kuti "measure for measuring length about 80 cm"; 9. Samari hemp - about 12 m long; 10. The horse runs - length distance of about 1000 (one thousand) m.

Weight measurement: 1. ancient unit of weight about 1200 gr. 2. Kutul - the miller uses the kutula to collect water for grinding grain; in 100 kg of corn, a box of 4-5 kg ​​of water is taken.; 3. Sheek - 60-80 kg; 4. Chair has 60 kg; 5. Grain nimaskrihje: 15-20kg.

Surface measurement: 1. bark – Ni le:h ke:p "small country"; 2. Ni argat country "an area as much as an argat could cover during a day, 6 ari land"; 3. Ni cosac country "an area as much as a Cossack could mow in a day, 25 acres of land" (Bajram Mehmetaj).

Lexical synonymy

7.The dialects of Kosovo generally have a unique, common word, which differs from the dialects of other areas, but, in addition to this, they also have differences or lexical synonyms such as, e.g. e.g.: Shiloh (Lap), Laura (Gollap, Morava e Gjilan), Make up (Drenica), Sludge (Kirçovo).

Pet names and calls for respect

8.The speakers in their popular vocabulary of Kosovo, in addition to derogatory nicknames, also use words and expressions that show respect for both men and women: Aga, Abej, Babalok, Bac, Lala, Inxhe, Loke, Nanloke, Lochka, etc. And, because of the dense use of the word Lock (with the meaning of Xan), Macedonian Albanians call those from Kosovo by their nickname Lochka.

Age Meulan - Aga Met (Mehmet, on the side of Gjilan, under Turkish influence).

Bac, -i 1. father, 2. elder brother. In Petreshtica's speech, the children say to their father dad, bac (first child) and aga.

Bac - older brother; name for loved ones and relatives as a sign of respect to the elders; bacalok, bacalok (Decan). bac/ bac/bal (Baca Adem, Bali Adem).

Bacalok – is used to address an older person as a sign of respect, baca, mixha (Gjakovë).

ephah – sister-in-law, used with meaning effendi, sir Efa Lleşe (Zym). Efa Shyca (Gorozhup – Prizren).

WAC – 1. older brother. Laja came. La Azir (John, Has of Prizren). 2. expression to honor the oldest. Laja Miftari (Zym, Prizren).

Lalá - Baca (Opoja, Prizren).

One thing - Words of honor or respect for the adult women of the house or the husband's cousins ​​from the bride or any young woman. This word is related to ephah for men (Lugu i Barani).

noblewoman - calling for the woman (obscene formation), in the past, when the man did not call her by name, which was related to the social nature or the feeling of shame. As another obscene formation was used and Plate, while the woman used Plaki. (Partridge).

Hanêmbia – this is what the bride says to her husband's sisters who are married (Petreshticë).

Hanemčika – this is what the bride says to her husband's sisters who are unmarried (Petreshticë).

Gluttony – the oldest woman in the house from the younger side (Petreshticë).

Gluttony - this is how the new bride called her sister-in-law (Petreshticë).

Women's names with husband's name

9.In the field of family terminology, in the relations between men and women in their married life, women are called (called) by the name of the man, the latter feminized on -ja:

She Memetja, she Islam (wife of Mehmet, wife of Islam (She, Sha will be Turkish internal abbreviation. Khanemshah "lady", Opojë);

Whiteness (Bardhec's wife), Rexhepja (Rexhepi's wife) (Gjakova Highlands), Hassan (Hasan's wife), Halima (Halim's wife) (Dukagjin).

THESE obscene formations which are related to the social nature or the feeling of shame, we also encounter them in other areas, such as in Ninshkodra: Age Zefja (Zeph's wife).

On the side of the Dukagjin Plain, the father's name is used as a surname in family names, e.g. sh. Jaho, father's name Salihi, Jaho Salihi (which comes as it were Jao, the son of Salih).

Pejoratives and ethnic nicknames

10The vocabulary of Kosovo's colloquialisms is also rich with pejoratives and ethnic nicknames, which the Albanians have created for the Roma, Serbs, Turks, etc., just as they have created for the Albanians. But there are also nicknames created by the population of Kosovo to describe someone with bad features according to different provinces.

a) Settings based on ethnicity

Roma for Albanians are: gabela, arjinj, jevgj, gypsies (in Albania), gabela, maghupe (in Kosovo), jumpsuit (in Macedonia). From such expressions, we have noted in the dictionary:

Gabel - expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "maxhup".

Gabel – majup, black, dirty (Pet.).

Gabelica - Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "mazhupe".

Gabelish therefore. - I speak badly, as in the language of the Gables. You are talking like you are talking to me 2. You deserve it ni shupla:k gabelish (RG blood.).

Falsely against - bad job; morally dirty work. You are speaking Gaelic - he is speaking dirty, immoral words; mistakenly, ugh. for the sexual act between partners (man-woman) (Dec.).

Maxup – expression of contempt for someone.

For Kosovo Albanians, Serbs are defined as:

Gheja - derogatory expression for the Serbs of southern Serbia, of Sumadia.

Velika went - Montenegrin, named after the place Velika in Montenegro.

Shka of Gorozhdec - go bad. Gorozhdeci, a village in the vicinity of Peja, inhabited by Malays.

Raje -t - this is what the Serbs of the country in Kosovo are called, Vendallinj, to distinguish them from the colonists, the natives.

Shinulka – with a pejorative meaning.

b) Dialect-geographic settings

Bugart of Rahovec - this is what the residents of the Rahovec area call those of the city of Rahovec, because they speak Albanian mixed with elements of Bulgarian. For example, they say to the girl I took I'm the breeze they use it with the meaning "I have a cold".

Long - Rahovecians of the city call the inhabitants of the surroundings of Rahovec this way, with an insulting or contemptuous meaning: Come on, lungo eden.

Names and designations on religious grounds:

Fane - for the mountain Catholic Albanian. Ah Fana, that. Take it! (Gjakova., Prizren.).

Phonece – Catholic woman. Hard phonetics! (Gjakova).

Laraman – A Catholic person converted to the Muslim religion, who holds both religions.

c) Social settings

Carpenter - setting that is used especially in Gjakova, as a distinguishing feature between "CITIZEN” (cultured man) and “the catunarians” (uncultured man). In the city of Gjakova, the "citizens" even use such a setting: Katunarin 100 years of mourning in Serbia, katunar after katunar. Apo let's play the Albanians with the Katunaris. In Gjakovë and Prizren, the "citizens" even spoke Turkish just to avoid being identified with the "villagers". According to social categories, such a distinction is made even to name Vlach:

ba Cincares (for urban Vlach, who are engaged in various trades in the city), and

aroma (for Vlach nomads, shepherds, who had temporary pastoral settlements).

Ethnography

11.The vocabulary of Kosovo also includes a special layer of typical ethnographic words and expressions, so-called ethnographies, which express archaic Albanian concepts and customs of great antiquity from this ethnolect. From this list, we are highlighting only a few words and such expressions that are typical for Kosovar.

In the terminology of the family sphere, the following lexical and semantic distinction is made for naming and the notion of a girl in the discourses of Kosovo:

What - unmarried girl,

Little boy – marriageable girl, and

Daughters – married girls.

lioness - sworn virgin, who assumes the role of a man in Northern Albania and Kosovo.

Dinner of lamias - party that is organized between the Saint George and Midsummer holidays. Among other Albanian holidays, this holiday is known by other names such as: Harvest festivals, harvest festival, mountain festival, livestock festival etc. This holiday in the Podguri area was once celebrated with many ceremonies, rituals and magical actions, but now it has been reduced only to "Lâma's dinner". Have you been invited to the lamia dinner? (Istog).

I leave dinner - the dinner that was organized after threshing the crops (Podgur).

Clean dinner - the dinner served when an animal was slaughtered for purity. Come on the night after (Pet.).

The black man - the last ten days of December, which happens to be the first ten days of winter (December 20-30). When the (south) wind blows, on a black day, even on arbain, it snows (falls). With my fist (fingers) in the black smoke and in the arbain there is no medicine. Kamt fart in arbain (Shower.).

Lechitja – the phenomenon of exclusion, isolation, separation from the social circle of the village, banishment, giving up on someone. Avdyli is not easy, he doesn't care who he is, and he doesn't care who she is (RG blood.). I am excluded (for a while) from the social environment (even relatives) without the right of entry - exit, exchange of loans, without the right to grind grain in nearby mills, etc. (Decan).

The view – the ceremony that is held for the dead, the reception for the head of the dead.

Take a sip – when guests sit down at the mahogany table to eat and begin to eat (to take some bread, cheese, pickles, cucumber), the master of the house who is at the head of the table, then says to them: boll xelbut, get lugt, let's see what bacica has done to us! In the middle of the table is the large plate (vagani) with food on which everyone eats. Those who are laid on mahogany, without receiving the "order" of the owner of the house "take it easy", usually no one ever takes the spoon.

Múj sykúç - the months after the winter half (February, March, April), the period when the food reserves for both people and livestock are used up. Don't worry, we are in a lot of trouble - said to a friend, to show that we are in a crisis, we are thin with heels (Dushkaja).

In Msarm - the ceremony of escorting the girl to her parents' house on her wedding day by her relatives. The one who invited them to in noise relatives of the girl, told the guests: O uncle Avdi, Salihi has taken a cigarette, he will come out tomorrow at three o'clock, I'll stop smoking (Partridge).

Ukja - Xufe Ukja, female personal name, the daughter of Uka, which takes the name of her husband as a suffix (Dush.). Syla Arifi - masculine name, the son of Arif, who is called by the name of his father Artifi. Sylë Arifi or mujte with these friends? (when they go without, for comfort) (Dush.).

Widow - the woman who rules the man, a woman "without a husband" (Kishnareke).

Goodbye to the men - in the Dukagjin Plain of Kosovo, the greetings with the gender-differentiated words "man" and "male" are specific against the non-mention of the other female gender. To escape the usual greeting "Thanks for the guide” (where the female gender would also be understood), Dukagina people use masculinisms when they greet someone: "Greetings to the men", "How are you with those men", "Thank you to those men", "How are we with those men" (including children), "How are you with those brothers?" (which means not only brothers, but also cousins ​​and other relatives). On the side of Plava and Gucia, on the way, they address the greetings to the guests: Thank you all, even to the brave ones! Thank you to the brave! The lexeme "brave" is used there with the meaning of masculinity. Even the boy in the cradle is told: where are you brave!

 Rain with joy - torrential rain, storm, lightning and thunder. In these cases, to make it better, the table and the flour sieve are thrown in the yard, so as not to cause damage and not to leave the table dry (Dush.). In Skrapar in such cases they say: Honey and milk! (communication by Viktor Bakillar).

Old women are washed away - it is said when it snows at the end of March or at the beginning of April (Junik). In Skrapar: Old women are counted.

Formulas of ethnographic discourse

12.Within the linguistic territory of Kosovo, there are also some greetings formula, with their particularities. According to the old Albanian custom, the speaker and the interlocutor exchange the indispensable dialogue between them with questions and answers:

How much? Do you have many? How are you?” - the traditional greeting of the Albanians of Kosovo and the North that means "Are you healthy, are you healthy, are you well, that is, are you not impossible, sick?", which is one of the rigid language formulas, which usually they are called idioms with closed meaning, hardened expressions; ready-made formulas of ethnographic discourse.

Did you take me? In response: I took it, you took it?

Are you tired? Everyday expression that is often used in any meeting with someone. In response: No, no; Not hard, no!

How much? (can you come?) In response: What the hell, I came too late!

Are you a man! (greetings to Rugova: he possesses in himself all the moral qualities to be called a man, noble).

Allahile comp. I saw the Lord.

Are we doing it? Does he have a dream? Do you like food?

what are you are you ok The family? how are you In response: Okay, thanks. what are you The family ?

Always – anyway.

Where are you? Where are you from? I am from Llapi. I am from Llapi.

whose are you whose are you

Dekterna Until.

Ljuga perf. There are many jobs - bad.

Ku-ku! past Expressive expression usually used when expressing surprise. Kuku shka had jet (Vb.). Cake for me! (Vushtrri). Cake for us! (Shower). When used to express some great wonder, for some extraordinary event, it is pronounced with ū long: kūkū. Kūkū shka i kish nōdh so-and-so!

It is used in Kicçova's speech chick, only in the language of women.

Don't leave it - don't worry, don't worry.

The dictionary of Kosovo colloquialisms is rich in synonyms and synonymous expressions. So, just for the hell we have evidenced the use of a multitude of synonymous euphemisms: Far away, He of projoje, He of Kršsh, He with ribs, He who doesn't prevent anyone's path, He of slaughter, Far away from us, He who hangs stones and thorns, He who hinders our journey, etc. (Ko).

Husband's name as a "taboo" name

13.In the old Albanian tradition, in the relations between the husband and the wife in their married life, the husband did not call his wife by name, because this was related to the social nature or the feeling of shame. Therefore, according to the provinces, but almost everywhere in the same way, the husband's name was given with substitute words where the pronouns belong this, this, he, she, or phrases starting with: here is the man, there is the woman; mine (for "my wife", took "call for woman", man "man" (my husband), Moré "call for husband", "old man","old man" (Kirçovo).

In Kosovo, the woman called her husband when he did not mention his name man: Hey, how are you, man?.

In Dukagjin: Hassan (Hasan's wife), Halima (wife of Halim), Zybere (Zyber's wife) (Skurtaj 2001: 150).

Whiteness (Bardhec's wife), Rexhepja (Rexhepi's wife) (Gjakova Highlands); Zefja (Zef's wife, in the villages of Mbishkodrta) (Rrotani 2000: 96);

In Opoja: She Memetja, she Islam (wife of Mehmet, wife of Islam). She, Sha will be Turkish internal abbreviation. innkeeper "lady".

Sign for. Ethngr. In patriarchal families, husband and wife (spouses) did not call each other by name in front of others, but used demonstrative and possessive pronouns: ky. The young woman answers to the in-laws when it comes to the husband: your son, brothers-in-law your brother; child - your father, tell your son, your brother, your father; call your son, your brother, your father. Or: who do you have? it. To her parents: your son; wife's sisters – yte sister. Children – your nona, your nones, our nona. Kçyre our son, our mother, satom (your mother). Boni zo (call) what did you say? I need to take this (this) with me, what does this one say? This is what I got. This one knows better; In short, yes (Nagavci 1969: 940).

Ethnic names used as a derogatory term

14.The Kosovo dictionary has its own specifics in the field of blasphemy, where speakers have created many words and expressions with derogatory use for insulting others on ethnic grounds. From such names we can single out:

Gabel – expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "maxhup". Jevg, majup, black, dirty. It is also used as an insult.

Gabelíca - an expression of disdain for someone, with the designation "mazhupe" (Shala e Bajgora).

Majhúp - Maggyp, Roma, Gypsy, Jevg, Jeep, Roma. Happy Kosovar. With this form it entered from Serbian maupac.

Maxhúpe – Roma, Gypsies. I didn't dream about it, Majhupe, they say that you have done something wrong with me (USA).

Makhósk - maggyp, used more for insult. Albanians are also told: He was a bit of a jerk (Vush.).

Jew - heartless, miserly, stingy person (Hani i Elezit). (The word is about the Jew, the Jew). It is a great Jew - stingy, stingy (Vërban - Upper Morava).

Karavlléjk - old man who steals children (in children's language) (Blood.). from caravalleh "Black Vlach".

Caravlejke - immoral woman, whore. There is no carafe (Gjakova).

Shka of Gorozhdec - the bad guy. Gorozhdeci is a village in the vicinity of Peja inhabited by Malays.

Shka of Kolashin – very bad man

Shka Rashke – is used to name a member of the Serbian community, who exhibits excessive nationalism, who does not have human qualities, who is inhumane to others. Shka Rashke is the one, for the spirit he has, he leaves nothing undone (Istog).

Black wolf – said to someone who hates him (Vb.). Shkavi, what is that? – which is not good (Vërban).

Like the neighborhood of Qyli – perverted (Qyl neighborhood it is a neighborhood inhabited by members of the Roma community. Its infrastructure and care from residents are at a very bad level, which is why this phraseological unit was also motivated) (Gjakovë).

Offense to ridicule or insult another

15.In the speech of the area of ​​Gjakova, the names that people have created to mock or insult each other are quite characteristic, with the words: Bulli, Cerepi, Karcylli, Katili, Klyshi, Knusi, Pula, Pilavi, Qorri, Speci, Tullumi, Zuza, etc.:

Mehme(t) Pilavi, Mulla Beqir Speci, Hazyr Knusi, Ibrahim Pula, Ymer Kamishi, Latif Parashumti, Hyse(n) Bulli, Shaqë Krypa, Emin Ajroni, Sherif Lugati, Mehme(t) Dushmoni, Ragip Çerepi, Zeqir Magari, Lutfi Kupili, Jakup Zuza, Halil Tullumi, Hazyr Dudufeanci, Rexhep Pleshti, Alush Zorra, Feta(h) Çuki, Rexhep Baekri, Sali(h) Haejni, Tafarrshiki, Tahir Luki, Ragip Qyrri, Mstaf Purrini, Lah Guzica, Met Katili, Bajram Furra, Halil Kumpiri, Stef Klyshi, Sav Qorri, Dervish Karcylli, Huti, Tuli (Nagavci 1969: 934). The author of the paper on Gjakova's speech, Myslim Nagavci, claims that: "I have not met with any official who shows any virtue of any man or any praise; all are insulting, derisive, or according to the man's craft".

Genuine dialect words

16.The dialects of Kosovo have inexhaustible stones for the general enrichment of the lexical system of Albanian. There we find words with lexical-semantic additions:

Bryth - urith (Rugovo, Shkrel).

Move - vig for drying cloths, cloths, or opings where the vig is located above the fireplace, the hearth, - with the prefix OFF TO– (Rugovo, Shkreli).

Nelgína - this is what Hasi says to the small burden that they put on the samar, in the middle of the side burden. They also tell him wheat.

Symác – Opoja says so to the color blue. Give me symacin to color the mortar!

Xgâthun (i) – between the meal and the cold. I kum xgath durt. Wait for it to harden a little (Rugovo, Vuthaj).

Mazujka - female foal up to three years old, without saddle. That's how the mazujka got rid of me (Reka e Gjakova, (Deçan). 2. The foal that comes out in the second summer (Myth.). 3. The most chosen and distinguished girl among other friends. Nana Mazujka has it (Zym).

Shpnësh - ladies. Do you have the spencer there?? (Has). 2. The housewife who deals with the preparation of food in the family, who keeps all food items locked in the flannel. He keeps the key tied to the toya (connector) of cans for peers, guarding it with the greatest jealousy (Zym).

They exploded - the woman who gave birth to many children (Mazrrek – Has).

Distinctive morphological and syntactic features

17.The vernacular of Kosovo varies from province to province, as well as within a given province. Thus, Peja's speech is distinguished by a distinctive dialectic feature, because it adds to some words a b ose d homorganic: Zember (heart), e saturday (Saturday). This phenomenon is described by other neighboring speakers of the Podguri region with an expression like this: Cows until Pejë ban "mu", in Pejë onwards they ban "mbu" (say the residents of Istog).

numerator four in Kosovo's speech about the female gender does four: How many men were there? four. How many women were there? Katra.

Meanwhile, in the field of morphology, the main feature is the use of infinitive, but in addition to this sporadically all the dialects of Kosovo use and connect.

In the discourses of Kosovo, we also encounter the morphological form leave it - washed. He washed his clothes. This form of the plains is much older than the Albanian of Buzuku: let's go. In this way, Kosovo's speeches are more conservative.

In the syntax, we have differences in changing the place of the action verb (rection): I wasn't gone. I didn't get it. I didn't have any. I said I didn't have any. I didn't say anything about you. After a day, what happens to me like this, I had it with you (Tërnavë, Sekiraçë, Obranxë - of Llapi). In Vushtrri and the surroundings of Shala: I had not gone, I had not taken, I had not said. I didn't have that job.

Word formations with prefixes and suffixes

18.Of great interest are also a number of word formations with prefixes and suffixes.

With the prefix re- leases:

Move - vig for drying cloths, petkas, or opings where the vig is located above the fireplace, votra, - with the prefix OFF TO– (Rugovo, Shkreli).

With the prefix sh– which gives words the opposite meaning from the primitive:

Explain – I revoke the pardon. Masi forgave it, absolved it, that I regretted it, I repented (Korishë - Prizren).

Shmrról - the opposite of dull. Smooth head (Koriša).

I'm sorry - bring out what is stuck.

Shtirr – the return of the call, so I brought it once and I'm coming to take it again, I regretted it. Called dasmort (Shower).

With the prefix –hour, -tore:

Burratóre - woman who did housework, men's.

Proud - lady for all jobs. The woman who dresses nicely and has good manners, who has all the positive traits. Proud ex-wife. No more pride.

Hostess – the woman who had the duty to welcome the animals in the evening when they returned home. What a host tonight?

Skajóre – edge part of a board or any timber.

Elementary - smart woman Kindergarten.

Sucker - little lamb still sucking at the breast (for sugar).

With the suffix –tar:

Fushtár - the one who deals with the affairs of the field.

Easy - the barking dog.

Mohtar – one who uses denial, who denies his own words.

Compressor – Professional person who deals with congestion, massage therapist.

Idiomatics

19.The Kosovo dictionary has a rich linguistic repertoire with formula expressions and with typical idiomatic and phraseological expressions, which give this language a special flavor. From such a corpus we are selecting:

The case boils with two: krone – he loses his reason, he gets upset, for nothing.

Drédh Binak! - Don't sit idly by, Binak, but act according to the circumstances of the situation, put your feet up.

Here's where we go - betrayed him, betrayed him.

Don't be a jerk - don't work without a plan.

With the second nge:te chenit - I have nge:te chenit - I don't have much time.

You're not getting up, you're not getting up - neither there nor there.

Ride without flattery - for someone who has gone into great debt.

Drini took it - has taken the teposhtësa, the mynxyra has covered it.

There is no cat - has suffered a lot.

The good is lost, the black is own - altruistic, which is only for others (Petreshticë).

It turned out to be mustard - without fruit, the wine goes to waste. Former male mustard.

He's busy - bad, tight, in a difficult economic situation.

I have a lot of work to do - tight, very bad (Petreshticë).

You had hip uk – he has grown his mind too much. There is hyp more ouk.

Former ārdh n`stom t'deka - is very weak in health.

Tears flowed to the river - he cried a lot, shed a lot of tears.

Kan ba hosh and us - they had a good time.

A rifle was born - when a woman gives birth to a man they say: A rifle was born, a work arm was born. A male was added to us.

I'm sorry - with great difficulty.

Don't make trouble on the street - the one who mixes where he doesn't belong.

Don't put your hand in the old century - don't meddle in other people's affairs.

We are getting ready – we somehow manage economically.

As you knusi n boca - he behaves and throws himself and cannot do any work.

It's gone! – tollovi, mess.

Kosovar lexemes that enrich literary Albanian

20.The dictionary of the words of Kosovo has many values ​​of its own for the enrichment of the vocabulary of literary Albanian. In the lectures of Kosovo, a bunch of such expressions and phrases are used that could be part of the FGJSSH:

Bishtalák - divers. A person who was someone's tail. I was too far away, but Bishtalak came towards me.

Butlak – a man with soft feelings.

It is baked - a poor family rises with bread.

Key – clearly, openly. I told you the key. Speak keys.

Dimnór – the one who endures the cold very much.

White devil – honest boy, lucky boy.

Boy - dishonest boy, unlucky boy.

Out and out - way out, way out.

smell – rheumatism. I miss the wind. I smell the wind.

Rubbing - woman who heals by rubbing (compressing) the body from diseases of sprains, broken bones, etc.

Match - the one who increases quarrels, arson, intriguing, greedy.

Fjalc – he who talks a lot makes idle words; who slanders others.

Flushke - flūshk cheese, fresh, unsalted, is sweet and delicious.

Butterfly –one who puffs himself up, who praises himself too much.

Fushtár - the one who deals with the affairs of the field.

Gurgling – source where the water gurgles.

sleeping – one who sleeps a lot unnecessarily, you sleep. To FGJSSH sleep – herb that puts you to sleep.

Hajtehúj (i) - who does not speak seriously, fickle, frivolous, careless, who "flys with his mind".

Easy - the barking dog.

Mohtar – one who uses denial, who denies his own words.

Frostbite – ice candles.

Compressor – Professional person who deals with congestion, massage therapist.

Proud - the jack of all trades. The woman who dresses nicely and has good manners, who has all the positive traits. Proud ex-wife. No more pride.

Hostess – the woman who had the duty to welcome the animals in the evening when they returned home. What a host tonight ?

Rarely – the rare, forgotten old man.

Sklotón - soft snow mixed with rain falls.

Violate – one of the legs of the stairs. As much as they did, they did it?

Shngul – bring out what is stuck.

Exclaim – I revoke the call.

Exhausted - man with exhausted, hoarse voice.

Tamlák – said to the still immature child, ie. the one whose lazy lips still smile.

Teshmez – the flu.

Elementary - smart woman Kindergarten.

Sucker - little lamb still sucking at the breast (for sugar).

Road trip – work or action that is done quickly.

Waters – spring of water from quicksand. The water is pouring.

Weiss – karaman, the one who cries a lot (the child).

Special - a person isolated from others, who does not mix and who is not sociable. It is special. Hey, you're special, you haven't met Kork yet.

Special - girl or woman who is separated from others, who does not mix and who is not sociable. It is very special. My dear, why are you never dating your husbands?.

In the area of ​​Rugova, we come across such lexemes of interest for enriching the lexical fund of the Albanian dictionary:

Cikaç - shrimp.

Sparrow – turkey.

Price – short break; the frost where the cattle rest, where they freeze and rest under the shade near a spring; the resting place.

Sterpuja – cherep.

Look - eye to eye, face to face.

Glasses – that he no longer has eyes and cheeks to appear among people for something that has made him blush. It's not so glamorous among men..

wear – put an ear to listen, eavesdrop. What are you doing?.

Kosovo's present and past through vocabulary: lexical layers

21.Kosovo is not only a separate political, geographical and ethnographic entity. Kosovo is both language and culture, with very rich linguistic treasures, which deserves the attention of researchers. A mosaic of peoples have flourished in the territory of Kosovo during its sensational history, who have left their traces and fossils and influences in language, culture, and especially in vocabulary. Over the centuries, Kosovo has met many empires: the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, the medieval Bulgarian Empire, the medieval Serbian Empire of the Nemanjic dynasty and then the Ottoman Empire. For the longest time, it met the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires (Holm Sundhaussen, German historian). All these empires and conquests have naturally left their effects on the language and vocabulary. In addition to the Albanian ethnic element, there were also other ethnic communities: in the cities there were also maxhupa, and here and there a small number of Turkish speakers (Prizren, Pristina, Mitrovica, Gjilan). There used to be Jew yawn, but very few. Many of Gauguin of Prizren or (as foreigners call them) the bastards they came from the district of Korça and Manastir (Kuteli 1943). From this, the lexeme was created Gauguin, which took on the meaning of "mason", master who built houses (Hasi i Prizren, Gjonaj), and what the family name looks like Goga. The name Goga we also encounter it as an anthroponym (personal name) in a list of heads of households in the village of Junik in Peja in 1485: Goga, son of Radic, Goga son of Nicholas, and Goga, brother of John (Shmit 2012:106).

For some time, in the century XIX, there were a few in Kosovo Circassians (from the Caucasus, which the Turks brought to strengthen the administration of their power (Barjaktarović 1955: 406). Their name has left its mark on the topic Circassian (Albanian village in the municipality of Kumanova), Circassian (Albanian village in the municipality of Kamza - Tirana) and patronage Circassian. also SASE (German) e Croatian who came as miners (in Kishnica, Novobërde and Janjevë), have formed their ethnic enclaves, leaving their influences on language and onomasticity.

In Kosovo it is also spoken Goranche language, a mixed Slavic dialect. Gorani they are a population that speaks Goranche, a Slavic dialect similar to Slavic-Macedonian, but also has Albanian and Turkish words. The Gorans live in the province of Gora, which today is divided between the states of Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia, the province from which they get their name. millpond as a province with 55 villages, it had Vranishti as its administrative center until 1923, since in archival documents this center was treated with the name of "Kazaja e Gora and Opojë" in which the latter has 19 villages.

"The following linguistic communities currently exist in Kosovo: Albanian, Serbian, Turkish and the Romani language. Albanian is spoken by Muslim and Catholic Albanians, as well as by Albanian-speaking Roma groups; Serbian from Orthodox Serbs, Muslim Gorans, and Muslim Bosniaks; the Slavic Catholics of Janjeva call their language Croatian. In Prizren, Turkish, along with Albanian and Serbian, is the third official language” (Schmitt 2012:97).

In the Kosovo Albanian vocabulary, in addition to the foreign ethnic element mentioned above, the various invaders have also significantly influenced by introducing their own elements, but without ever managing to overlap them. Latin has influenced, first with imperial Rome and then with Catholic Rome; then Italian with Venice; then the Slavs influenced, then the Turks and the modern Greeks (no, the ancient Greek does not count). The depth of these influences varies depending on the country: Italian and Latin in the coastal belt, Slavic in the mountainous north, Greek in the south (Montarelli 2004: 161).

As a result of the long five-century rule of the Turkish empire and the century-long Serbian occupation in Kosovo, the presence of a considerable number of ethnic communities, in the vocabulary of these Albanian dialects of Kosovo, in addition to the lexemes created from the Albanian's own dough, have came into circulation and words of foreign origin from Serbian and Turkish, some of which for those who are not linguists can hardly be distinguished as such (tanaj, tanshi for "then" - from Serbian. to ours; whit - from daughter, etc.).

As expressed by M. Barjaktarović: "Among the Albanians of our country (Kosovo - qm) there are undoubtedly Albanianized Serbs, just as there are Serbized and Croatized Albanians. Finally, it is a natural and common occurrence for one people to change and turn into another, especially in the border regions.” (Barjaktarović 1955: 406). This phenomenon is confirmed by E. Çabej: "The Albanian-Slavic symbiosis, which lasted throughout the Middle Ages, reached this conclusion at the end of this period: many Slavs were Albanianized in Albania, many Albanians were Slavized, especially in the peripheral regions of the North. This last process in the northwest of Albania has continued even in modern times” (Çabej 1994: 95). Ethnologist Kadri Halimi also speaks about such inter-ethnic assimilation processes and social influences between different nationalities in Kosovo, who among other things emphasizes:

"Many traces of Slavism or Serbization of the Albanians, when they were Christians, are hidden here. This process has been interrupted in places without being carried out to the end. Let's remember a part of the population of Rahovec and some villages of Srecka in Prizren, whose inhabitants speak a broken Serbian language, wear the Albanian folk dress, are educated in the Albanian language, belong to Albanian tribes and consider themselves Albanians. Through the villages of the gorge of Bistrica in Prizren, such as: Reçani, Mushnikova, Gornjesella, etc., in my ethnographic research I have found that the entire village of Mushnikovë belonged to the Thaç tribe. What about the Gorans of Gora i Dragash, who speak a distorted language, which is neither Albanian, nor Macedonian, nor Serbian, nor Turkish. What is the truth, these people, this population, in terms of the way of life, in terms of the folk dress they wore until 50 years ago, with tirq, kopora and white Albanian plis of the Lumjano-Dibran form, are probably Albanians of included in the mentioned processes. During my ethnographic research in the field, I encountered many Serbian families belonging to different Albanian tribes. I have found such phenomena in many villages of Kosovo, especially in Shtërpcë of the Parish of Siriniçë in Sharr. Data on Serbs belonging to Albanian tribes has also been recorded in the field by Bajram Kabashi. In the village of Cerce, the families of Serbs: Jovan Bllagoja, Gjuriq, Lushik, Ristiq, Krstovic, Qirkovic and Lugut t Shkieve, are serbized Albanians of the Berishe tribe. (Halimi 2000:64).

"These ethnographic phenomena, according to ethnologist Halimi, they are evidence of ethnobiological processes between different peoples. It is difficult to say unequivocally, - always according to him -, about the change of nationality of these people, whether they are Serbized Albanians or Serbs who, for reasons of personal security, have supported the Albanian tribes. As far as folk dress is concerned, this is the phenomenon of so-called mimicry, which also leads to the change of nationality. During the Ottoman rule, writes Branislav Nushiq, the Serbs in Kosovo all wore the white braids of the Albanians on their heads to be safer in work outside their homes.” (Halimi 2000: 65).

This situation is also reflected in the language, where there is mutual Albanian-Serbian linguistic interference in the discourses of Kosovo: a week ago, a month ago (Serb. A week ago, a week ago, a month ago), which must be explained with the long symbiosis of these two peoples, where there was also linguistic assimilation. In real Albanian it says: a week ago, a month ago.

For meals, Kosovo uses: Breakfasts (for food eaten early in the morning, around 6-7), brings (around 10-11), lunch (13-15) and DINNER (in the evening, after he gets scared, to mselni dzhât), but he does not distinguish the word snack.

for REQUEST Kosovo uses beg: I begged.

Serbian lexical Kosovarisms

22.Among Kosovo Albanians, Slavisms are more numerous than among other Albanians. However, remove the Serbianizations acquired since 1912, these Slavic Kosovarisms have been preserved since the Middle Ages, - as evidenced by the dictionary of "Union" (1908), whose subject matter is derived from the new Shkodranish and from the Greek old and in which most of the Slavic Kosovarisms appear (Riza 1996: 244).

In the vocabulary of the relevant Kosovar dialects, due to the nearly century-long Serbian rule in Kosovo (1912-1990), the lexical elements that entered from Serbian are not few. Serbian as an official language in Kosovo and as a language in contact with Albanian, helped by the state apparatus, has introduced many words from the fund of Serbianism into the Albanian speech of Kosovo: apet (Serb. opet)., akolla, ice, avitem, bac (perhaps from brat "brother"?), tide, bad (bodec), bella, brcak, blue, braza, brazit, breme, bubel, buxilla, cakas, chuckle, chuckle, chuckle (from serb. kči, kčeri), bastard, čūd (Serb. čuda), čupak, čure, čuran, çyčavtë (i), dërla-t, detelín, domačin, domačica, drang, dosh, flannik, gavedar, gavode, gërbavem, gerbîn, grchak, gernac, grzehile, gramata, grovelle, grude, guhat, gutava, hashov, jazbina, jazite, jezer, kacela-t, kaci, kaleshnik, canop, kerr chetvor, krla-t, krlana with ducha, krlana with maza, kachubet, krsh, kicme, kluche, korit (me) , novilk, nrakaleč, opčinë (Serb. opčina – community), pagaçe, pallzine, panlaç, parajkë, çër, pastork, perexh, premeçat, pod, reke (almost in all parts of Kosovo the Slavism reke has covered the Albanian word river) , piskavicë, pite e trulavte, pizhimuzh, polar, posllom, pozhege, prashit, presoll, prezore, reke, robt e shpīs, rovina, rubç, sakíc, sána, smet, smoníc, stene, stenica, stog, stom, struka-t , stupc, shkoç, shkule, shkulan, shkulav (u), tana/ tanshi, tarrakop, teshlica, trrnakop, terpiajke, terpian, torishtë, torte, tramak, trelatt, troshe, trujti, trull, trullavte (i), tugu, utrin /ë, vada (ar mi vada, ar under vada), vadit, valaniča, valaviča, vlača, vojshtina, zamarit, zapar, zastork, zid, slag, zuc, zučak, zhalloge, zharav, zhuge (Serb. suga), etc. Pleonastic sayings are also typically Kosovar: čikdevojkë – girl of marriageable age (Serb. kči, kčeri – girl, e devojka – girl), rrush grezhë – unripe grape. For the Cherep Slavism in Rugova, we come across the use of the lexeme strepūj.

In Kosovar, Serbian conjunctions have also begun to penetrate: a (but, whereas, while) to express a not quite pronounced opposition (Riza 1996: 244).

A great density of use in the speech of Kosovo also has suffixes originating from Serbian -aw, with which many adjectives are formed, some with a derogatory setting: skinny, skinny, skinny, skinny, skinny etc. (Decan), keçāv (former). With this, a number of nouns were formed, such as: pissed off (pshu:rr), the kid (bad), i stramavt (straight) etc. What is the kid's kid pretending to do? Where did you find this beautiful woman, son?.

With the suffix –ājk: keçājk – woman or girl with an ugly face; servant – the woman whose teeth have fallen out.

Me –an: kechan – ugly looking man screw up – the person whose teeth have fallen out.

Me -go: keçavīc.

Me –ut: keçūt – bad looking girl or woman.

A category of words with the suffix -ovine (Serb. –sheep): shiovin – rainy weather. He took shiovin, Serbian. rainy; Sklotovina – mud mixed with rain, slush. Former ba sklotovina (Vushtrri). Tulavin – fertile soil, with pulp. It was Tulav landiIN (Gorozhup).

Family names with the suffix –inner (Serb. go): Rukiqi, Preniqi, Klajici, Krasniqi, Muciqi, Ukiqi, etc.

Family names: Sahitov – the Sahitaj family; Rexhepovit - Rexhepi's family, etc.

Personal names in the most prominent IMF: Alija, Fazlija, Hakija, Ganija, Shukrija, etc.

The Serbian linguist Ivan Popović (Popović 1956: 558) has also noticed an influence of Serbian in Kosovar in the suffix -o in the format lalo "dad", mix it up "mother", vito "pigeon", Vashon "girl". According to him, this –o it came from the Slavic vocative type Jovo! Knee! Stevo! etc., only the Albanians, not understanding the meaning of this foreign suffix, made such nominatives and added them to the feminine gender: Vashon (girl). Lokjo: Birma hirâmin lokjo tied the boy. Dajo!, etc.

On the Slavic Kosovarisms or on the Slavic borrowings of the Albanian language, the historian Oliver Jens Schmit, who has written a very good book about Kosovo (Kosovo, a short history of a central Balkan country, 2012), has introduced words such as: hoe, sickle, plough, etc. (Schmit 2012: 97), which essentially belong to the fund of pseudo-Slavisms. The powerful Slavic linguistic influences on Albanian, in vocabulary and onomasticity, but also in the grammatical structure, certainly cannot be denied and should not be denied, but they should not be overestimated either: give Serbian what belongs to Serbian and to give the Albanian what belongs to the Albanian. Historian Oliver Jens Schmit's assertion that:

"The Slavic toponyms, the strong Slavic linguistic influences on Albanian, the obvious Serbian cultural overlap of the Albanians in Kosovo in the late Middle Ages do not allow any other conclusion, except that the Serbs in the Middle Ages constituted the majority of the population in Kosovo” (Schmitt 2012: 104),

it does not seem strongly supported to us, it is a priori, because it lacks real facts. History without documents is not history. The Slavic geographic nomenclature in Kosovo and the numerous Slavic lexical borrowings cannot be sure proof that the respective population in Kosovo was predominantly Slavic, just as the presence of the pronounced Latin element in Albanian cannot be sure proof that the population in these geographical areas in the Roman period were predominantly Roman. Or the large presence of the Turkish lexical and cultural element in Albanian, is no proof that the population in Kosovo was predominantly Turkish. This would be mere nonsense, which is not digested by historians of Western provenance.

The well-known Balkanologist and Albanologist Armin Hetzer, when he had the task of expressing himself about the pronounced influence of the Serbian element in spoken dialectal Albanian, said:

"For the language spoken in the former Yugoslavia, one thing is very typical: the Serbian-Albanian macaronism, especially in the lexicon” (Hetzer 2006: 238).

The number of Slavisms is large, especially in the Albanian dialects of Kosovo, therefore their study is of great importance either from the point of view of the Albanian language, or for the weight it has for the history of the Slavic languages ​​itself (Ajeti 2002: 187).

Albanian-Serbian lexical-semantic interferences

23.In the discourses of Kosovo, Albanian and Serbian are mixed and confused not only in vocabulary, but also in morphosyntax and lexical semantics. Many words and expressions these two languages ​​have in common.

Chyche mb. 1. Lonely, without anyone of his own. Kçyre çyçâ˚n chysh sit threadâ˚nâ˚n. 2. Cuckoo, wicked man, cuckoo woman, poor, wretched. Fig. There is only one flaw thread alone (Gil.). 3. therefore The way we get dirty with mud or slime. U bâ˚na çyçe. Don't lie in the mud because you have nothing to do with me. Why don't you come to my house! (Opposition). Phrase. Chichja a nats utterly useless man.

Çyçán mb. 1. A weak, incompetent, cowardly man (Gjilan). 2. It is said about an incompetent, clumsy and shy person. You can't even pull the cat out of the flat (Podrime, Suhareke).

This word with the same meanings is also used in Serbian: Coward Fig. cowardly, lazy, poltron, e coward miserable, fatzi, cuckoo (Serbo-Croatian-Albanian Dictionary, Albanian Institute, Pristina, 1986, p. 323).

Hanger – bite, eaten. I was eaten by bees. He has eaten it. Even Serbian. water "eat".

lead 1. Family. The big hole large family economically. The little hole small family, economically poor. Strong drill rich and bread-giving family, that no one could do any harm to. With figurative use House "family community, which warms a sound" is also used in the Serbian dialects of Kosovo: Oće da ide sa sve kuću (will move with the whole family) (Elezović 1998: 347). 2. Sitting room for family, women and children. Slave hole.

Shpiák - housewife, family and lady; hardworking and hospitable person (Dec.).

Shpianík - a person who takes care of the house, a good householder, works and lives with hospitality. It's a back pain, there's no way to get out of it (HE). The one who knows how to organize the house well. Good house master. Good advice to my uncle Korkuñ. Shpijaniki knows well what to expect (Op.). Serb. the native

Špinák - generous, bread-giving. O good spine cone (Go.). A rich man, with a good house and who receives guests well (H.). Good housekeeper. One who is good at keeping the house. There are many backs in Brezne. also sphijanic: Tafili is a good sphijanic (Op.).

Shpijaníke - the woman who knows how to lead her family well. It has order and taste for the ideal family. Xhi tâ˚sht spijanikka; don't even beg for better. Shpijanikos mir xhēthmâ˚ni have too many parots. Kot gruâ˚ne big spijanic kije (Op.). Serb. domestica.

Drill (from/to) I'm leaving the country i'm going home The preposition FROM with the meaning "in, to" is of Serbian origin. pri. Gliša Elezović (Elezović 1998: 133) has noticed that the preposition pri of Serbian, with the meaning "code" (te), is used in Serbian dialects in Pristina and in the eastern part of Kosovo: Let's go, pri nas, pri vas.

Uncle - the totality of domestic animals, livestock. Uncle and aunt (Reka e Gjakova). Šënxerxhi doesn't have to shout at my uncle and give me a loan first, because that's what it is. (Saddle of Bajgora). Fig. Uncle and aunt asht it is said to man with the meaning of animal. Serb. cattle – cattle, animals. Fig. Edna stock.

Tired? (ouch) phrase Everyday expression that is often used in any meeting with someone in the meeting or when communicating with someone, in the sense how are you, how are you? Are you tired?? (also Serbian. jesi li umorio?). In response: no, not hard.

Orientalisms (Turkisms)

24.One of the main characteristics of the Balkan languages ​​is the large number of words of Turkish, Persian and Arabic origin. Oriental words in the Balkan languages ​​are so numerous that they surpass every other element (Skok 1938).

The lexemes borrowed from Turkish also in the dialects of Kosovo occupy an important place in their vocabulary, which is understandable, when we take into account the fact of the long five-century Ottoman rule in the Balkans and in the Albanian lands.

For almost five hundred years, Turkish has been the language of the most powerful Ottoman Empire, which had once and for all paved the entire Balkans and which the lady was able to impose her will even in changing eras. The language of the ruler, taking power from the laws and administrative activities, and from the philosophical and religious expressions, helped behind the wings by two of the richest and most developed languages ​​of the old world - Arabic and Persian, which had having reached the peak of religious height, he would definitely make his barbarization (influence) also in the languages ​​of the Peninsula (Limthi l96l).

Turkish was and is spoken in Kosovo mainly in the cities, but also in two villages, that is: in the city of Prizren and in Mamushë in the vicinity of Prizren, in Pejë, Mitrovica, Pristina, Gjilan and in the village of Dobraçan in the vicinity of Kamenica, etc.

Of the lexemes borrowed from Turkish, we will bring here only a few, such as e.g.:

Abed, adalet, agestoz, aga, ajllak, aqaba, allahile, allch, allchak, amentaxhi, amelxhi, anglishtiset, atava, atllagí (okllai), baballak, badiballak, badihava, ballaban, barazan, batallin, batil, batllak, baxhanakeshe, bereqatvers , beridá, besheret, beter, beteresh (i), buçuk, buradek, buzgun, byren, chaban, chergash, dajmida, dava, devdil, divan, divanhane, dogri, dostm duvar, dynjher, dynja, edephane, efe, ferk, fisek ) itibar, iza, jahu, jallah, yemení, jerum, kabahat, kabile, kafjall, kallga, kamxhik/kapindzhik, kanak, karakoll, kasavet, koçi, koxhabash, kymet, kësmet, kyvet, llahus, llajhë, llocaxhi, llokmakhi, malukat, longing, mastraxhi, meselaxhi, minxhe, mohaxhi, naksan, nasip, agërshak, ottava, pade, szorm, pezhgve, picik, plug, rixha, sabí, sandjak, shafate, shecherke, shicherhanëmbija, tahret, talla (corn), tereçi torishtë, cake, tramak, trella-t, vesveseli, xekrr, xeriz, xíri yzër (me), zabun, zhgunaxhi, etc. For some Turkisms, more synonyms are used, such as: yzerhone, dephone and çenef for "necessary" (Baran Valley).

Both for Serbianisms and for Turkicisms, there is a lack of a complete dictionary that would include all borrowed lexical elements from Turkish or through Turkish in the linguistic area of ​​Kosovo.

Words of Vlach origin

25.In the word of Kosovo we also encounter a lexical and toponymic layer originating from the Vlach language, as a reflex of the presence of the Vlach element in Kosovo and mutual influences on the language. Traces of the Vlach element mark the lexemes: Gauguin - mason, master who built houses; yawn - method of working leather opings. Gogishte, -t - cowhide without lines, with wrinkles. bac – 1. Elder brother, 2. Father, together with the following: bacalok, bacalosh, bac, bacica, bacillak; jackdaw – cow or sheep with black hair. Fig. impure woman. Never mind that gal, Galan – completely black ram 2. Very dark male. 3. A tall man (Gjilan). Black Gaul, Galicia – black goat etc.

Words with the semantics of the Vlach language enter here:

yellow - "green". With this meaning, this word is used throughout Kosovo, while for "yellow" Turkish is used "of the sari". Yellow meadow. This word with this meaning is borrowed from Rum. Verde "green", through arumun pastoral expansion. Yolk – type of pear that ripens in summer. Verdhcīn – greenery. Yellow - meadow or other piece of land that had a water source nearby, which enabled that place to be green almost continuously throughout the year (Gjak.). The name for the color green is not used, it is used instead yellow. I used to be a yellow meadow - the meadow has become very green after watering. The color yellow in the lexicon of Gjakova has two meanings, the city says "of sari", while in the villages they say "it blooms". It was a flower meadow of lilies.

Traces of Romano-Vlach in Kosovo in toponymy also exist in a number of topics and patronymics: Partesh, Sharban, Llashticë, Llashkobare, Stanishor, Nishor, Muçibabë (Munţi Baba), Ponesh (Ismajli 2013: 34), Llashkadrenoc (Serb. Vlaški Drenovac), Galicë, Mavrić, Murge, Pagarushë; Vllasi, Vllasaliu, Vllahiu, Wallachian, etc.

Romani

26.A significant Roma population lived in Kosovo, reaching nearly 120.000 people until the 1990s, when many of them emigrated due to inter-ethnic tensions in the region. Today, 30.000 people live there, most of them in the Dukagjin Plain, where they have been very well integrated since the Middle Ages. In the area of ​​Gjakova there are two populations with pigmented skin, which have different characteristics and anthropological features from each other: maxhupa, which in Albania they call "Jevgj", "Evgjitë", "Magjupë", "Ashkalinj", "Tabake", with Mediterranean features (slightly pigmented skin, or not). This population has been integrated with Albanians culturally and ethnologically. And another population "gypsies", which in Albania they also call "Courtesy", "Rome", "Harixinj", with pronounced Indo-Mongolian features. This ethnic group is clearly differentiated from the rest of the population by language and lifestyle. It has not yet been integrated with the Albanian people, they speak Gabelish and Albanian and share a different culture and space. In Pristina they call them "Ashkali".

The Roma of Kosovo have been pioneers for the creation of a European Romani literary language and have also had radio, television and various entities until their closure by the Serbian authorities (Courthiade 2014: 139). Kosovo Albanians use the term for Roma crazy, crazy, from Serbian mađupac. As well as any other expression maghupce - the way you hit someone with the back of your hand. There's a loud sound (Vush.).

Gabel – expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "maxhup". Jevg, majup, black, dirty. It is also used as an insult.

gabelīc – 1. Gabele, Arixheska. 2. Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "mazhupe".

mistakenly - I speak badly, as in the language of the Gables. You are talking like you are talking to me 2. You deserve it ni shupla:k gabelish (Reka e Gjakova). Bad job; morally dirty work. You are speaking Gaelic - he is speaking dirty, immoral words; mistakenly, ugh. for the sexual act between partners (man-woman) (Deçan). Whereas the Roma of Kosovo created the exoneration for the Albanian name chibanho. The Maghups and the Gabels do not intermarry, because the former consider themselves to be a higher class and are a little whiter in color. Maxhupt for Roma say: After having an exhine (adultery, relationship) with a gabelica, you have to wash yourself until the skin melts under the dagger.! In Dushkaja, they were hired as wage earners (servants) for 6-9 months in a year only maxhupt, while gabelt for daily work (preshitje).

Trace element

27.In Kosovo, in addition to the Albanian, Serbian, Turkish, Roma elements, other ethnic communities have also lived: Jews, Gorans, Circassians, etc.

Judaica - this element was present as early as 1442 in Novobërda near Pristina; six years later, 6 Jewish families are mentioned, in 1737 there were Jewish merchants in Prizren, 600 Jews in Gjakovë, a community of about 350 Jews in Pristina and 10 Jewish houses in the small town of Prokuplje, in the northeast of Kosovo. Other authors of the end of the last century have noted that the community of Pristina consisted of Spanish-speaking Jews (Sefardis); there from 1910, there must have been a total of 3.000 Jews in Kosovo (Malcolm 2001: 221), who also left their traces in language and toponymy, such as Jewish graves in Velani of Pristina, which are hundreds of years old, etc. It should be noted that the Jewish communities in Kosovo were more connected to the Serbian population than to the Albanian population (Ramaj 2006: 49), therefore the linguistic traces they may have left in Albanian are difficult to investigate.

Gorani - are an ethnic group with a Muslim religion, living in the province of Gora in Kosovo, in Albania and in Macedonia. Their origin is controversial. Gorans are an old people in the Balkans. Just like the Torbes in Macedonia or the Pomaks in Bulgaria, only less studied and fewer in number. The origin of the Gorans is not known for sure. In Western countries, in history books, it is said that it is a Christian group of the Balkans that has been Islamized, and for whom it is not known how Christianized it was before Islamization (Dr. Thede Kahl, What are Gorans?? Deutsche Welle, 27.04.2009). In Goran, the author Nazif Dokle has compiled a large dictionary "Rečnik goranski (nashinski) - albanski", Sofia, 2007 (Dokle 2007).

Gorancja it is a very interesting diasystem because it is found in Kosovo (and in the neighboring part of Albania), but the most important isoglosses connect Goranche with Macedonian (accent, node, etc.). From a dialectological point of view, Gora is divided into two parts: Upper Gora and Lower Gora. Upper Gora is more capable of Macedonia, while Gora e Poshtme is on the border with Opojë, where all the villages are Albanian-speaking. It is interesting that while in the dialects of Upper Gora the demonstrative system is the same as in Western Macedonia in general (as well as in Serbian from this point of view) - ie. -v-/t-/-n- (near/netural/far) - in Lower Gora we have the same system as the Albanian language - ie. -v-/-t- (near/neutral) - which definitely comes from the influence of the Albanian language (and earlier also the Vlach language) especially when we consider that in neighboring dialects the triple opposition is preserved - on the one hand - and that in other Slavic dialects the simplification goes in the direction of -t- /-n- (neutral/far) and not -v-/-t- – on the other hand (Friedman 2008).

Circassians – In addition to other ethnic groups, since 1858-1862, the Circassians have also arrived in Kosovo, who appeared here after the Crimean War, brought by the Turkish government, while newer arrivals are Bosnian immigrants (Mohammedans), who are mostly in Mitrovica, in Ferizaj and have their own village, Mazgit, which they built themselves.

Branislav Nušić, consul of Serbia in Pristina, during the Ottoman Empire, in his book "Kosovo: Opis zemlje i naroda” I/II, Izdanje Matice Srpske, Novi Sad, 1902 (“Kosovo: Description of the land and the people"), states: "In Kosovo today there are members of these peoples: Albanians and Albanianized Serbs, Serbs, Ottomans, Circassians, Vlachs, Jews and Roma” (Nushić 1902: 99).

Traces of the Circassian element are preserved today in the toponymy: Circassian meadow - in the village of Studime te Poshtme of Vushtrri, Circassian road – a road over Dërvar of Vushtria (Mulaku 2005: 165). Circassian - family surname.

Muhaxería - in addition to foreign ethnic groups, the Albanian population settled in Kosovo after the violent displacement from the villages of Nish, Toplica, Kurshumli, in 1878, which is known as Muhajjaria (Drenica). Relics of the Muhajir element are preserved in several settlements: Babush of the Muhajjars - village in Lipjan, Muhaxher neighborhood (Pristina). The villages Studimja e Epërme and Studimja e Poshtme - near Vushtrri and Cecelia - are completely inhabited by immigrants. The inhabitants of these villages, - as Ragip Mulaku communicated to me, - the locals "taunted" (laughed at) them for their language with: coma, nona, as they pronounced these words, unlike Vushtrri's pronunciation: mother, mother. There are also family names Muhajheri and Muhajiri.

Semantic changes and developments

28.The popular lexicon of Kosovo has its own characteristics in the semantic field as well. In general, in the speech of Kosovo, the adjective yellow means "green", while for yellow Turkish is used of the sari. And so jaundice "greening". This word with this meaning is borrowed from arum. Verde "green", through arumun pastoral expansion. But in other dialects of Albanian yellow it is used with the meaning "having the color of straw, ripe lemon, sulfur or gold" (FGJSSH).

for belching - gases that come out of the mouth involuntarily and with an unpleasant noise, usually after eating; the noise that is caused when these gases come out, is used in Kosovo yawn He's yawning. You're yawning, I dare.

In terms of family ties, for those whose fathers are brothers or mothers are sisters, they are used aunt's son, aunt's son, aunt's son, aunt's son, uncle, aunt (Gjakovë), while in other surroundings they are called kushurin, kushurin (Gjilan, Kicevo). Meanwhile, on the Dukagjin side of Kosovo cousin e cousin who aunt's son's son, aunt's daughter's daughter, aunt's son's son, which are a step further, which are not the same as the aunt's or the aunt's (Gjakova).

In the terminology of the family sphere for the name and notion of girl in the discourses of Kosovo, this lexical and semantic distinction is made: what - unmarried girl, chikdevōjk – a girl of marriageable age, and daughters – married girls.

On the semantic level, the use of the lexeme in the Kosovo dictionary is also noticeable townhouse - setting that is used especially in Gjakova, as a distinguishing feature between "CITIZEN” (cultured man) and “the catunarians” (uncultured man). In the city of Gjakova, the "citizens" use such a setting: Katunarin 100 years of mourning in Serbia, katunar after katunar. Apo let's play the Albanians with the Katunaris. In Gjakovë and Prizren, the "citizens" even spoke Turkish just to avoid being identified with the "villagers". According to social categories, such a distinction is made even to name Vlach: ba Cincares (for urban Vlach, who are engaged in various trades in the city), and aroma (for Vlach nomads, shepherds, who had temporary pastoral settlements).

The verb suffocate, suffocate "who has drowned in the water", in the colloquialism of Kosovo, is used with a multitude of meanings that mark "death" in all situations: former mullet in the sea, ex mutt with kerr – was killed in traffic; ish gnat on the mountain.

Typical Kosovar lexemes

29.In the field of vocabulary, the characteristic of Kosovo discourses is that many words that are common in the language appear in these conversations with other words, some of Serbian or Turkish origin, such as:

The speech of Kosovo, the vocabulary of the entire language:

Bulla krushka

Log stump

what are you how are you

Clover clover

Dud man

I rub tracks

Start immediately

Thoracic chest

Idhc gall

Stork cabin

Forty forty

I want to try (the dish)

Knus the rooster

Hemp rope

Never, never. never

Beg. I begged. REQUEST

Maçorr dac

Noon noon

Naloga hurda

Big pasul

Pus, puchila, bujela hurda

I heard lightning

Sahí/ ásli indeed

Hay grass

Tear off

Generation mates

Stick pole

Tesha petka

our                                all

Tlina panties

It's earrings

Say pig

The earth trembled/earthquakes shook

Boiling water water

Bury the wound                    

The word derr turns out to be used only in complex expressions: Pig of the pig (Vushtrri). Then in Kosovo there is also the lack of a number forty, which exists in South and Central Albania, and is very old. The Kosovar woman has replaced this with four days for old Kosovo discourses use old (old sene, old raki, old shpia, old kroje).

In the area of ​​Rugova, an area with quite archaic ethnographic and linguistic features, we have evidenced the use of lexemes section – up, and cloth - below.

In the names of the days of the week, we find such phonetic differences: Sunday and it comes out (Drenica), of dīll (Duk.), dĭll (Ana Morava). Beyond these words, khs. AND Sunday (Korça), of dīll (Kirçovo). And the other names are pronounced with a -e end: they eat it, tuesday, wednesday, saturday.

In the Albanian dialect of Upper Jabllanica, we find very archaic and beautiful words, with which some Slavisms can be replaced, such as:

Rules, -t - collective name for the people of a family. In Kicevo, this word appears to be used only in curses: do not fail to fix the foundation.

The reverse - shade, a place not occupied by the sun; sll I'm used to it. ant. beam.

Shtúe, -(on)i - flow of water underground in the spring season.

I was born (i, e) - resourceful person, who opens the way in every job.

Meanwhile, in the field of morphology, the main feature is the use of infinitive, but in addition to this sporadically all the dialects of Kosovo use and connect.

Sociolinguistic elements: Men's language and women's language

30.On the sociolinguistic level, some linguistic elements or interjections that are used differently in the language of men and in the language of women are also of interest, such as:

Mix it up - altogether, indeed (in the language of men). It's good that so-and-so had a job and finished school. In the language of women Pezze(t): Pezze(t) took a friend, I was very happy to have a son for the cloud (from for God) (Buk., Suhareke).

Hey-oh - this is how the husband called his wife in Bogaj i Rugova, as well as baxhi. And the wife addressed the husband with: Or you, not to mention each other's name for reasons of social shame (Rugovo).

He – response to the call; order! what do you want O Hasan o! - Hey, take it! (Baran Valley).

Hey - order, eh, women use it when answering (Reka e Gjakova).

Come on - Expression with which the husband called the wife. Oh hey! Hey! (Decan).

In the call: Oh Shkūrt, the female gender answers: Hooooo! During the call: Ramadan, the person answers: Hou or hoya! (Decan).

Nail - exclamation used by men and women to express great surprise.

Ciccha - exclamation used only by women. I took off my boot and took it off.

you- a phrase used by both men and women. For reinforcement is also used: You, I break you. In the area of ​​Kîçova, this conjugation is used only in the language of women.

wallah – agreement in God. It is used in the language of men and women. For reinforcement and: By the way, by the way, by the way, you didn't get it! In the Albanian of Kîçova, this expression is used only in the language of men danced, not in that of women.

Depending on different communication situations, other differences are also noticeable in the discourses of Kosovo, such as:

What are you?, what are you?- when the speakers are close to each other.

are you how are you (men) – when the speakers are at a distance, far from each other.

Village-city lexical features

31.In some words, there is a difference between village and city in terms of their use. Thus, e.g. the city of Gjakova uses the Turkish word ashchihane "a special room built in the backyard where food, dairy was prepared or stored", while in the villages of this area they use the word tsarnik, which names the same thing.

Confessional lexical differences

32.Confessional lexical differences are also noticeable. The Catholics of Klina use it you cut it, and Muslims Friday. Similarly, in the Catholic community they also use personal names: Prene, Marte etc., which we do not find in the Muslim population.

Other features

33.The endings are used to indicate the resident of the villages - and and - we for the male gender: i gjylekar-si, i remnik-si, i goden-si, i budrik-si; mogilla-ni, stublla-ni etc., and for the female gender -jka: stubllaj-ka, mogillj-ka, smiraj-ka etc. (area of ​​Upper Morava).

Uses without the preposition me:

I was out of breath - was filled with breath.

I used to be a pool boy - the pool was filled with water.

Prey me, cut the sheep - slaughter the sheep.

Pronunciation with short ĭ and with ī long of the word house in different contexts:

I go to shpĭ - I go home.

Marova ni shpī – I finished a house.

I'm going to drink - I'm going home.

Polite response when we thank or someone thanks us:

Long live! (when someone does some work for us).

Lower thighs and white cheeks!

With lower thighs and white cheeks!

There's no reason (Serbian. nema zašo, turkish why not)

In the speeches of Rrafshi i Dukagjini the word mud it finds no use, instead it is used mud With this root, for lands with mud and water, the designations were formed: llochishte, llomishte, llochavini, llochnaje etc. In various northern dialects of Albania, names such as: Baltina, Bakltica, Baltore, Baltaka, Baltanika, Baltishtë, Baltovina, Baltushë etc.

Multilingual Kosovo

34.The people of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Ashkali, Gypsies, Cergas, Turks, Jews, Egyptians, Croats, Bosniaks, Gorani, etc. they speak Albanian, Serbian, Turkish, Goranche, Gypsies. They understand the other's language and sometimes speak in the other's language. When they discuss and joke inside one brasserie everyone tries to use the other's language (Gentilini 2015: 62). They have given and received also in the field of vocabulary, as can be seen in this publication that we have prepared for printing. This glossary represents an important document of Albanian and Balkan linguistic literature because it represents a conserved state of the speech of the area of ​​Kosovo. /Taken from the fifth issue of the magazine "Akademia"/

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