Albanians through the decades: What did they go through in 1922, 1932, 1942... 2022!?

In the last 100 years, in the years ending with the number two - from the third decade of the XNUMXth century to the third decade of the XNUMXst century - more bad things have happened, everywhere in the world...

YEAR 1922: MARIE SHLAKU WAS BORN IN SHKODA

In August 1922, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Meletius IV, accepts the Autocephalous Church of Albania. Meanwhile, in September, Ahmed Muhtar bey Zogolli (from this year he will be known only as Ahmet Zogu), is appointed prime minister of Albania. A year later, Zogu supports Belgrade's efforts to eliminate the Junik Neutral Zone in Kosovo, where the leaders of the Kosovo Albanian resistance had taken refuge. So, it starts with the elimination of the patriots of Kosovo.

But the most important event of 1922 was the establishment of relations between Albania and the USA. The Prime Minister was Xhafer Ypi, who requested - in a bilateral way - the status of the Most Favored Nation.

In 1922, a steam locomotive was produced which is located near the Kosovo Railway Museum in Fushë-Kosovo. The most famous train that used to circulate through Kosovo was the "Acropolis" (or "Train of 1001 adventures") of the Munich-Athens line, which also stopped in Ferizaj, Fushë-Kosovo and Mitrovica.

In 1922, in order to change the ethnic structure and weaken the Albanian element, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia divided Kosovo into three districts: Kosova, Rashkë and Zetë. Seven years later, Kosovo will be divided between the Banat of Zeta, the Banat of Morava and the Banat of Vardar.

Among the events that marked the world in 1922 was the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the Irish War of Independence. The treaty allowed for the creation of the Irish Free State. However, in 1922, the Irish Civil War also began, the victim of which will be the great fighter for the independence of Ireland, General Michael Collins.

In 1922, Pope Pius XI became the 259th pope. Meanwhile, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in Bombay and sentenced to six years in prison (of which he served two).

On March 15, 1922, Egypt gains the right to self-government. Fuadi I - from the dynasty of the Albanian Mehmet Ali Pasha - is appointed king. In 1913, Fuadi tried to become king of Albania.

On April 3, Joseph Stalin becomes the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. In December 1922, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) unite to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This same year, the Bolsheviks put down the troops of the Basmaqi Movement - the uprising of the Muslim populations of Central Asia. The troops of this movement were led by Enver Pasha, who had an Albanian mother. Enver Pasha formed the dictatorial triumvirate of the Ottoman Empire, known as the "Three Pashalars" - together with Talat Pasha, who had an Albanian wife, and Xhemal Pasha, who is known in the Arab world as "the bloodthirsty pasha". Enver and Xhemali died in 1922, the year when the Turks expelled the Greek troops from Izmir, ending the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). The victory of the Turks brought the end of the centuries-old sultanate, as Sultan Mehmed VI abdicated and left for Italy. Turkey becomes a secular parliamentary republic.

On November 28, with the March on Rome, Benito Mussolini and the National Fascist Party take power in the country. The state enters a dictatorship.

The year 1922 is the year of birth of many Nobel laureates. Born in 1922: Indian Har Gobind Khorana (Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968), American Robert W. Holley (Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1868), Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Nobel Prize for Peace in 1994, together with Shimon Peres and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat), Danish Aage Bohr (Nobel for Physics in 1975), American Leon M. Lederman (Nobel for Physics in 1988), American John B. Goodenough (Nobel for Chemistry in 2019), American Arthur Ashkin (Nobel for Physics in 2018) , German Hans Georg Dehmelt (Nobel for Physics in 1989), Chinese Yang Chen-Ning (Nobel for Physics in 1957), Portuguese José Saramago (Nobel for Literature in 1998), Russian Nikolay Basov (Nobel for Physics in 1964) and American Stanley Cohen (Nobel for Physics in 1986). In 1922, the first insulin for diabetes was produced. For this discovery, scientists Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod received the Nobel Prize for Medicine a year later.

The year 1922 is the year of birth of the famous Italian director, Pier Paolo Pasolini, the American writer Jack Kerouac, the American cartoonist Charles M. Schulz and the actresses Judy Garland and Ava Gardner.

In 1922, two names were born with which the end of Tito's Yugoslavia can be identified: Franjo Tudjman, who in 1990 was appointed president of Croatia, and Janez Stanovnik, who was the last president of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. In 1922, the Serbian architect, urban planner and essayist Bogdan Bogdanović was born. The latter has described as fascism the oppression that the Serbian government did to the Albanians. He was also against the suppression of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989. For his views, he is forced to live outside of Serbia.

In 1922, the footballer Loro Boriçi and the activist of the Albanian national issue, Marie Shllaku, were born. Shllaku received his primary and secondary education at the Stigmatine Sisters in Shkodër and then enrolled in Rome at the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy. After her studies were interrupted by the war, she returned and was employed as the secretary of the Minister of World Affairs, Iljaz Agushi (from Pristina). On February 25, 1943, she was assigned to Prizren as a finance inspector for the prefectures and sub-prefectures of Kosovo. In September, he was arrested by the Germans, but with the intervention of Xhafer Deva, he was released. In the winter of 1945, Ymer Berisha, Shaban Polluzha, Mehmet Gradica, Ukë Sadiku, etc. gathered in Rrezalle in Drenica. The only woman there was Marije Shllaku, who is said to have given this speech: "All Albanian brothers, with our forces we must fight Slavo-Communism, by removing the Yugoslav partisans from Kosovo, because they have filled every well with the pride of Albanians...Partisans of Serbia are helping the partisans of Albania...Albanians should not go and fight in a foreign land". It is said that Shllaku played a major role in the reconciliation and unification of the forces of Shaban Polluzha and Mehmet Gradica.

Former prisoners of Marie Shllaku's group and co-authors of the book "Albania of Marie Shllaku", Ramiz Kelmendi and Viktor Gashi, list its main activity in these eleven points.

- In the summer of 1944, when engineer Xhafer Deva was put in charge of the Second League of Prizren, Marie Shllaku was elected his secretary. He exercised this duty until November 1944, when Kosovo was "liberated". She, even after Xhafer Deva fled abroad, remained in Kosovo, to fight against the "new social system".

- In November 1944, after the "liberation" of Peja, together with Mehmet Gradica, Metë Dan and Adem Shala, he gathered several hundred armed Albanians and together with them went to the mountain, so that with armed struggle, in the background of front, to fight against the partisans and the new system, thus preventing the national-liberation army from building popular power and regulating conditions in Kosovo.

- From the end of 1944, knowing well the people who had relations with Xhafer Deva, who were left alone to continue the fight against the partisans in the background, he worked for their union and mutual connection, having contact with Uke Sadiku and Ismail Goranin, leader of the ballistic groups that attacked Gjilan, Ferizaj and other places.

- At the beginning of January 1945, after he went to the mountain and went to Drenica, he worked tirelessly to strengthen the ranks of the resistance, propagandized that the Assisi Albanians should not go to the Yugoslav army, but go to the mountain to wage war against the communist partisans.

- In January 1945, he participated in the Assembly of Drenica, where well-known leaders were present, such as: professor Ymer Berisha, Mehmet Gradica, Ahmet Shala, Ukë Sadiku, Major Qinisi, Shaban Polluzha, captain Rexhep Ismaili, Met Dine, etc. There it was decided to attack the units of the national liberation army in Drenica and the Trepca mine, and the leadership that will lead this war was chosen.

- After the Drenica War was over and until she was imprisoned in the fall of 1945, she persistently continued her work in the mountains, with the anti-communist resistance fighters. She participated in various gatherings, where historic decisions were made to continue the armed resistance, and to convince the people to go to the mountains, to join the fighters of ethnic Albania; the peasants to accept them, feed them, keep them and keep them in their own votes.

- Participated in the Assembly of Dobërdol (held in Lluga e Dan Pjetri), in August 1945, where representatives of all armed anti-communist groups were present, in which Professor Ymer Berisha was elected as political leader, while Ukë Sadiku as the military leader of all resistance fighters in Kosovo (Marie Shllaku kept the minutes of the meeting).

- He maintained continuous and uninterrupted connections with Ymer Berisha, wrote letters to him, as well as with other leaders, such as Ismail Ymeri, etc.

- Participated in battles against Yugoslav military units twice in a row, while in the Battle of Siceva, from the middle of September 1945, 11 officers and soldiers of the Yugoslav army were killed in combat (in this war, Marie Shllaku was wounded in several places ).

- Throughout her stay on the mountain, she kept in constant contact with the friar of Peja, Father Bernardin Llupin OFM; developed correspondence with him and received from him money, food and messages.

- Although injured and stressed in a house in Mitrovica, she took an interest in the groups, kept in touch with them and took care of their withdrawal outside the borders of the country.

In September 1945, on his way to Dobërdol, from Açareva, he was betrayed and surrendered to OZNA in Skënderaj. After many tortures, he is sent to Prizren. The trial of the group of 27 Albanians lasted 13 days - from June 29 to July 11, 1946. The prosecutor was Ali Shukriu. When the investigator asked Marie Shllaku when she started to be involved in politics, she reportedly answered: "I have been involved in politics since early on, if it can be called politics, my love for the homeland, my effort - as long as I know about myself - for an Ethnic Albania, united with its separated parts, Kosovo and Chameria". Marie Shllaku (24 years old), Father Bernard Llupi (60 years old), Kolë Parubi (41 years old), Gjergj Martini (29 years old), all from Shkodra, will be sentenced to death. They were shot in November 1946. The other 23 prisoners were sentenced to imprisonment from one to 20 years.

For Shllak, it is said that this is how he answered the questions of the prosecutor Ali Shukriu:

What were you looking for in that uprising?

The union of Kosovo with Albania.

What regime are you thinking of?

For a democratic republic, like that of Noli.

Yes, Fan Noli has praised today's regime in Albania, with Enver Hoxha at the head, who, as you know, is with us.

In any case, Kosovo must be inseparable from the Motherland (saying these words, I hit the table hard with my fist).

In 1922, the well-known names of Albanian art were born: the actors Abdurrahman Shala, Aleko Prodani, Besim Levonja, Viktor Gjoka; writers Fatmir Gjata, Mark Gurakuqi, Mustafa Greblleshi, Luan Qafëzezi...

In 1922, two major events in the world of cinema and theater took place: the premiere in Berlin of the silent film "Nosferatu" and the premiere in Paris of the play "Antigone" directed by Jean Cocteau, with scenography by Pablo Picasso, with music by Arthur Honeggeri and with costumes from Coco Chanel.

In 1922, the great French writer Marcel Proust died.

1932: THE TRAGIC END OF THE EMBROIDERY OF THE INDEPENDENCE FLAG

In Albania, the crisis of loans for development, taken from Italy in 1929, deepens. In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments, for which Rome increased the pressure by demanding that Tirana appoint the Italians who will lead the gendarmerie, which Albania to join the customs union with Italy, for Italy to take control of the country's sugar, telegraph and electricity monopoly, for Italian to be taught in schools and for Italian settlers to be accepted. Ahmet Zogu refused, but cut the budget by 30 percent, fired Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Catholic schools in the northern part of the country.

In 1932, in Constanta, Romania, the corcar Gjergj Bubani opened the newspaper "Kosova". The newspaper had four pages (one issue had 16 and another 18) with texts in Albanian, Romanian and French. Dhimitër Pasko (Mitrush Kuteli), Ali Asllani, Kristo Luarasi, Selami Çela etc. also helped in the publication of the newspaper. The newspaper defended the right of self-determination of Kosovo and Chameria, the autonomy of Macedonia with an Albanian canton, the reforms and consolidation of the independence of Albania and the cooperation between the Albanians of Albania, the occupied areas and the colonies in the diaspora. The newspaper closes in 1933. In November 1943, Gjergj Bubani was the editor-in-chief of the daily "Bashkimi i Kombit" where Kutel's "Kosovo Poem" is published. The director of this daily was Akile Tasi, while the editor was Mustafa Greblleshi. In 1944, Bubani was condemned by the communists as a "war criminal". In the indictment formulated on February 12, 1945, it was accused "of having become a tool of enemy propaganda as an agitator, propagandist... He wrote articles about the occupier and against the people's war". Although he did not accept the charge, he was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment, confiscation of movable and immovable property and the loss of civil and political rights. He is sent to drain the swamp of Maliq. He was released after five years and died crushed in 1954. The Communists also arrested Akile Tas, who died in prison in 1961. Akile (graduated in Bologna) was the brother of Koço Tas (lawyer graduated in Rome), who in 1941 was the first governor of Kosovo and who has great merit in opening Albanian schools in the liberated lands (including those in Macedonia). Akile was previously Minister of Culture, while Koço was Minister of Justice in Albania. Koço was also arrested in November 1944. On April 13, 1945, he was sentenced by the Special Court to life imprisonment and hard labor. In October 1964, he was released from prison and settled in Shkodër. He passed away on May 15, 1966.

Among the main world events in 1932, there are also these: the British authorities arrest and exile Mahatma Gandhi; Koreans fail to assassinate Japanese Emperor Hirohito; Japan declares Manchuria independent of China, installing puppet emperor Puyi. The latter will be the subject of the film "The Last Emperor" from 1987, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci.

In 1932, Germany was seething with political developments. Paul von Hindenburg defeats Adolf Hitler in the election and is named the country's president. The acting chancellor, Heinrich Bruning, bans the Nazi paramilitary groups SA and SS, as they threaten public order. But the violence of these paramilitary groups does not stop when five members of the SA group kill the communist Konrad Pietrzuch. The murderers are sentenced to death, but they are released after pressure from the Nazis. This was because the new chancellor, Franz von Papen, was weak and hoped to have Hitler's support. Von Papen falls from power on September 12, with a motion of no confidence. In the November 1932 elections, the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag. The new Chancellor is appointed Kurt von Schleicher, but is opposed by Hitler who demands "all or nothing" for himself. Hitler becomes chancellor a year later, to rule as dictator until 1945, and sparking World War II that left 40 million civilians and 20 million soldiers dead in 1939-1945.

In 1932 these names were born: singers Johnny Cash and Little Richard; writer John Updike; actors Omar Sharif, Peter O'Toole and Elizabeth Taylor; directors Milos Forman and Andrei Tarkovsky, poet Sylvia Plath; the president of France in the years 1995-2007, Jacques Chirac, as well as the writer, philosopher, critic, essayist ... Umberto Eco.

In 1932, the academician and activist of the Albanian issue in Kosovo, Fehmi Agani, was born; children's writer Odhise Grillo; the historian Kristaq Prifti; director Kujtim Spahivogli; actress Tinka Kurti, cameraman Rudolf Sopi; translators Robert Schvarc and Naum the priest; the painter Omer Kaleshi.

In Italy, in 1933, the Venice Film Festival is held for the first time, while Germany presents the first autobahn.

In 1932, the signatory of the Declaration of Independence of Albania, Iljaz bey Vrioni, died - prime minister, several times minister and diplomat of the Albanian state. The publisher and publicist Sotir Peci and Marigo Posio - the embroiderer of the Albanian Independence flag - also died. According to researcher Niko Kotherja, Posio died blind. Meanwhile, tuberculosis took almost her entire family: her son Vaso, who finished the Conservatory in America; daughter Fereniqi, with whom she published the newspaper "Shpresa nationala"; the other daughter Liri, who ended the few days of her life next to her mother. Marigo, on February 6, 1921, started publishing the newspaper "Shpresa Kombëtare" - the first newspaper published by Albanian women in Albania.

1942: MUSTAFA KRUJA IN KOSOVO, THE ASSASSINATION OF VOJO KUSHI AND BALTO IN ISTANBUL

On September 16, 1942, the National Liberation Anti-Fascist Front was established. We are talking about the meeting held in the village of Peze near Tirana. Those present, according to Ymer Dishnica, were: Abaz Kupi (representative of nationalist gangs), Ndoc Çoba (representative of nationalist Catholicism), Kamber Qafmolla (representative of the gendarmerie, nationalist), Ramazan Jarani (representative of nationalist intellectuals), Halim Begeja (representative of nationalist youth), Ismail Petrela (representative of nationalist youth). Koço Tashko (representative of the Communist Party), Enver Hoxha (representative of the Communist Party), Nako Spiru (representative of the communist youth), Baba Mustafa Xhani (representative of the Bektashi gangs), Nexhmije Xhuglini (representative of the communist women), Ramadan Çitaku ( representative of the Communist Party), Myslim Peza (representative of the communist gangs), Muharrem Butka (representative of the communist gangs of Korça), Mustafa Gjinishi (no vote, secretary of the meeting - communist), Mustafa Kaçaçi (listener, communist). So, the meeting was attended by some supporters of Mit'hat Frashër who represented the current that later created the National Front, as well as supporters of Ahmet Zogut, with Abaz Kupi at the head. In the meeting, Dishnica accused the nationalists and praised the Soviet Union, while Jarani said that the communists did not accept ethnic Albania.

A year later in Albania, the Mukje Agreement was reached between the National Front and the Communist Party of Albania, to coordinate the Albanian resistance in the Second World War and to prepare for the future of Ethnic Albania. But this agreement is opposed by the Serbian communists. According to Xhelal Staravecka, the agreement was broken because the word Ethnic Albania was written in that congress. However, Dushan (Mugosha) and Milladini (Popovic) could not bear for Kosovo to be taken away from Yugoslavia. "For these, my friends, the union of Mukaj was broken. I myself happened with many comrades of the Center, headed by Druze Milladini, when the proclamation of the unification of Mukaj arrived with an extraordinary mail. We opened the proclamation and sang it. The reader's face shone with a ray of joy at the prospect of the union. We all rejoiced. Later I received that proclamation and explaining it in half Albanian and half Serbian - because I don't know Serbian, but he doesn't know Albanian either - but, despite my poor Serbian, I explained it to him and he understood it, and it immediately got on his face a black stallion and began to say: 'This union is not accepted, we are now getting stronger, we will start with the ax, and not make connections with the dogs. Then the ethnicity of Skipri, you motherfucker. Those of us who were full of gas took a serious look saying: 'These nationalist pizevens will already see that we organize ourselves and in a few days we will lay the ax on them, and how many others saying that they want Ethnic Albania. You understand that our faces changed according to that of the Druze.''

In 1942, Ferdinand Milone - geographer and lecturer at the University of Naples and Rome - published the essay entitled "Albanians and Albania" in the magazine "Roads of Italy". "The Albanian people are divided into different religions. Subject to the influences of Rome and Byzantium, dominated for more than four centuries by Muslim conquerors, this population distinctly has three major religions: Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim. However, this trio of beliefs has not damaged the unity of the people. The Muslim majority lives in complete tolerance with Orthodox and Catholics. It is obvious that in order to understand who the Albanian people really are, the most significant element of difference is the linguistic one," he wrote. But the Albanians in 1942 were point five. Even in America. In 1942, Albania was occupied by Italy. Two leaders of the Albanians of America, Fan Noli of "Vatre" and Kostë Çekrezi of "Alxpiërija e Lirë", sit down to talk in the Albanian church in Boston, to set up a united front with the support of America. Faik Konica does not participate, because he could not stand either Noli or Çegrezi. However, Noli and Konica at the head of the united front wanted Zogu, who lived in London. Çekrezi could not stand Zogu, who had once sentenced him to death in absentia. On July 12, about 15 people sat at the long church table. "No matter how bad Zogu has been for Albania, the job is to put him once again at the head of the national movement for the formation of a government in exile," said Noli. Çekrezi said that Zogu is not considered by America or any of its allies. Çekrezi's words provoked Noli and blood heated up. Noli hit the table with his fist, while Çekrezi reacted: "If it was to shout and beat the table, my people know how to hit it harder than you." Nothing useful came of this meeting. Whereas, Noli, both before and later, supported the communists.

In 1942, the king of the Albanians was Victor Emmanuel III, while the prime minister was Mustafa Kruja. Kruja visited Kosovo in June of this year. In the speech given in Pejë, according to Eugjen Merlika, Kruja said: "As an Albanian, I would have flown here since the first day that the immortal hour of the Arbnu tribe wanted me to return these blessed years from the Great God, to the one who belong to: the Albanian nation. Like Mustafa Kruja, who did not do much for the holy land and for the giant people of this Kosovo, but otherwise he carried in his heart with tears of blood for 30 years in a row its captivity, the torments and salvations of blood of her sons. Although far away, I lived spiritually with you, among you. There are Albanians, my fellow Serbophiles, who have attached the black seal of treason to me because I have shown sympathy for Italy, along with Hasan Pristina, Bajram Curri, Dervish Mitrovica and many other Kosovars. Yes! I don't deny it. All my sympathy, my sincere one, has been for Italy, it has been for Rome, as it continues to be so. Because it was and is a sympathy that has its roots in our boundless love for Albanian Kosovo, for Kreshnik Kosovo, for martyred Kosovo. I can't stand it and I can't with Serbian Dashtu, Belgrade, the executioners of my Kosovar brothers. That's why I am, am and will always be an Italophile. Italophile not for personal interest, but for an ideal, Italophile without palaces and manors. It's true that Kosovo is Albanian, it's true that Kosovo is no longer 'southern Serbia' or 'Metohija', but it is called the Prefecture of Pristina, the Prefecture of Prizren, the Prefecture of Peja and the Albanian Kingdom, thanks to the unification of the state of we are Italian Fascists, so I am proud of my Italophile, even if those who branded this Italophile as treason don't blame me at all. For a man who has no other ambitions than the realization of an ideal, there is no greater satisfaction than to prove this ideal" (sic.).

The Prime Minister repeats, almost in every speech, in many cities, the regret for the delay of this visit, the burning desire to be there from the first days of assuming state responsibility.

"Your Prime Minister may have delayed coming to you to celebrate the Eid of your freedom, but the affairs of the State have not left me ahead; the affairs of the State belong to the people and therefore to you. The first reason that brought me to Kosovo is to participate in your joy, in that joy that is not the joy of a family party, nor the joy of a son leaving, it is not the joy of a marriage, but it is the joy of ours, a Nation, is the joy of breaking the iron chains of a 30-year slavery" (sic.), he said in Ferizaj. Meanwhile, in Rahovec, he said these words: "This magnificent reception that your small town of Rahovec gave to the Prime Minister and its ministers, proves how great the enthusiasm is and how impatiently this people has been waiting for me. look, an Albanian prime minister and not a foreign prime minister who had a name, once Pashiq, once Jeftiq, once Stojadinovic, always with me... The sufferings and evils of this slavery cannot be expressed in words. Our friends insisted that Kosovo is ours. And why is it yours? Just because we killed our first one in the field of Kosovo, just because they had the church in Deçan, Sverçan and Graçanicë. Our rights are based only on the blood of one of our kings killed in the Field of Kosovo and on three or four church buildings. But how old are these buildings? Whose is Kosovo? Kosovo belongs only to Albanians and Albania, and the Albanians testify to this with white hats on their heads. This is a living diphthong; they are not the property of the dead and any building, because rights are not acquired with the dead, but with the living" (sic.).

In the last speech of the trip, in Prizren of the Albanian League, Kruja declared: "Kosovars, you have won your national freedom with the weapons of the Axis, but also with the blood that you have shed, your sons and daughters, grandmothers, great-grandmothers and great-grandmothers of Generation after generation remain Albanians. Neither Dushan, nor the Sultan, nor the Turks, nor the Turks have changed their nationality with you. But, if you remembered that with the freedom you gained, the doors of paradise were immediately opened for you, you were wrong. Alas, freedom comes at a high price. It costs blood, misery and suffering. I know why it costs so much, it is so precious... Now the war for us is a war of patience, a war of hundreds, a war of nerves. And for this reason, don't be surprised when I tell you that it is even more difficult, more boring than the real war where you fight manfully, just as you are used to fighting and fighting. So, strong men, we must know not only with the deku, but when the work likes sod also with the bad patience of the gigantic war that has taken ours the dryest and wettest world. You from free Albania have not yet had all the good things you expected. Maybe you want to wait for the next one. But, by God, men, don't blame Albania. The eagle is our mother. A mother never wishes harm to her sons. It's not Albania's fault, it's the war that has messed up our legacy to the world. Nobody would stay here in Kosovo if only our good will and yours were enough. I'm not going to interfere with each other during our affairs. But I'm telling you and I'm assuring you that whatever good and bad things we have, we'll give them together, we'll live together and if necessary we'll want together" (sic.).

In 1942 the world was at war. The biggest events of this war this year were: the British victory in Africa against the German troops of General Erwin Rommel and the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad that will give Nazi Germany the bottom.

In 1942 musicians Aretha Franklin, Paul McCartney, Brian Jones, Lou Reed, John Cale, Barbra Streisand, Isaac Hayes, Brian Wilson and Jimi Hendrix were born; director Martin Scorsese; film critic Roger Ebert; actors Harrison Ford, Terry Jones and Ian McShane; writer Isabel Allende; astrophysicist Stephen Hawking; boxing legend Muhammad Ali; the Libyan dictator, Muammar Gaddafi; the secretary of NATO at the time of the liberation of Kosovo in 1999, Javier Solana, as well as the 46th American president, the current president Joe Biden. In 1942, the prominent Albanian businessman and activity in the USA, Xhim Xhema, was born; the writer for children, Vehbi Kikaj, and the playwright Ruzhdi Pulaha.

In 1942, the communist of Kosovo, Emin Duraku, as well as the communist of Albania, Qemal Stafa, were killed. Likewise, the communist from Shkodra, Hero of the People in Albania and Yugoslavia, Vojo Kushi, is killed. Kushi was a Montenegrin, but Zog's rule had removed the suffixes "viq" and "iq" from the surnames of Serbs and Montenegrins. He belonged to the communist group of Shkodra, like Vasil Shanto and Branko Kadija. From this group, Jordan Misja was a Serb. Kushi was part of the group that later killed Isa Boletini's son, Lieutenant Colonel Adem Boletini. "The murder of my father, lieutenant colonel Adem Boletin, was carried out on November 23, 1943 by the Shkodra communists. That murder was instigated and ordered by the Serbian communists who at that time led the Communist Party in Albania", said Adem's son, Isa. "As a result of the policy followed by communist Belgrade and Tirana, after the murder of my grandfather in 1913, 15 people from our family were killed or executed and ten others spent years in prisons and exiles. As if the execution of our father Adem was not enough, the communist regime that came to power in 1944, continued its revenge against the family of Isa Boletini. Thus, in 1947, my mother Adile Bekteshi was arrested, who suffered five years in the hellish communist prisons, where from the bad conditions she also got some diseases which were not shared with her until she died". At the time when the mayor of Pristina was Shpend Ahmeti, a street in Pristina was named after Vojo Kushi.

In 1942, Balto Stambolla, who was the murderer of Luigj Gurakuqi, was also killed. His murder is said to have happened like this: "After the Italian occupation of Albania, with the arrival of Mr. Mustafa Kruja, he asked the Italian Government to sentence Baltjon Stambolla for murder, and continue the sentence in Albania. The Italian government agreed and brought Baltjoni to Durrës, from where a police car took him and sent him to Fier, supposedly 'for safety' away from Shkodra. There he lived in a house where he was guarded by three or four Albanian policemen. One day, when he allegedly tried to escape, the policemen shot him and emptied an automatic machine gun into his stomach. They left him for a few hours without taking him to the hospital, probably this is what Mustafa Kruja had ordered, so that Baltjoni would not be killed instantly, but suffer from the pain caused by the gun when it empties into his stomach. About 2-3 days after the shooting, Baltjoni died of infection, he died of pain" (sic.). Mustafa Kruja told this story to Kol Radovani, the father of the writer Fritz Radovani (who later heard it from his mother, Viktoria). "I did this to Baltjoni, because you owed so much to my friend Luigj Gurakuqi" (sic.).

In 1942, Abdi bey Toptani died, activist of the national issue, leader of the detachments, signatory of the Declaration of Independence of Albania and Minister of Finance in the first Albanian government.

YEAR 1952: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT

On 6 February 1952, the Duchess of Edinburgh became Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as well as the British Dominions of Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon. It is about Queen Elizabeth II, who will rule for 70 years, until her death on September 8, 2022.

In February, Greece and Turkey join NATO. Meanwhile, at the Hague Tribunal, Israel demands reparations from Germany, in the amount of three billion dollars. In August, Germany agrees to pay three billion marks.

In April, the Treaty of San Francisco ends the war between Japan and the Allies, as well as the occupation of the Japanese islands. This same year, with the Treaty of Taipei, the war between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Japan ends.

Meanwhile, King Farouk of Egypt declares himself the heir of the prophet Muhammad. In fact, he was the heir to the royal dynasty of Egypt, created by the Albanian Mehmet Ali Pasha. But, in a coup d'état, he falls from power. His place will be taken by his son, Fuadi II. But even this does not satisfy the organizers of the Egyptian Revolution, which was led by Gamal Abdel Nasseri - who would later become a good friend of Tito and who, with the latter and Jawaharlal Nehru, would form the Non-Aligned Organization . A year later, the Egyptian monarchy is overthrown.

It is worth noting that since 1811, when Mehmet Ali finally destroyed the feudal regime of the Mamluks, Egypt became a refuge not only for Albanian soldiers. It is said that Farouk's bodyguards were Albanians and that they wore the pleat on their heads. Egypt or Misiri had a powerful Albanian diaspora, where several societies operated and where the newspapers "Besa", "Toska", "Sëpata" and "Skhrepëtima" were published. The Albanian element, whether Muslim or Christian, enjoyed privileges under the rule of this dynasty.

About King Fuad I - the son of Farouk who sought the royal throne of Albania in 1913 - it is said that when a fortune teller told him that his fate was determined by the letter "F", he named his five children: Farouk, Fawzia , Faiza, Faika and Fathia. Fawzia, the ex-wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the emperor of Iran, has been declared by Hollywood as the most beautiful woman in the world.

Farouk is known as a hater, a feminist, a gambler and a miser. After abdicating and leaving Egypt, his habits were slandered, for which there are many anecdotes about him, including that he was a kleptomaniac and that he stole Winston Churchill's watch, while the dead Shah of Persia - when the coffin landed in transit at the airport of Cairo – stole his ceremonial sword, belt and medals (from the corpse's uniform). But he was also a great collector. About 8 gold coins and thousands of silver coins were included in the fund of his collection. Also, he was a collector of postage stamps. His collections include weapons, watches, old publications, gold and silver works of art, medals, antique bottles, Russian imperial eggs, cars...

In 1952, the Catholic Church banned the works of the author Andre Gide. Meanwhile, in Argentina, Maria Eva Duarte De Peron died - known as Evita for short. She was the wife of President Juan Peron. Evita - who inspires many artists, even today - is remembered for opening thousands of hospitals, schools, orphanages, homes for the elderly and for many charitable institutions. He also fought for women's rights. Three years after Peron's overthrow, her embalmed body is stolen and hidden in Italy for 16 years. Opponents never let her dead body be properly laid to rest.

In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established as a European organization to regulate the coal and steel industry. It was created in 1951 with the Treaty of Paris signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. In 1952, the European Parliamentary Assembly was opened, which ten years later would be known as the European Parliament.

On August 29, the composer John Cage performs the work "4′33". Why is this work special? Because there is not a single note written, while during the performance the musicians sit without making any movement. As a great researcher and experimenter, he wanted to explore the sounds of silence as well as the noises of the audience – things that are not usually heard in concerts. This unique work has made him known by many as the "author of silence". How visionary Cage was is evidenced by this statement given in 1937: "I believe that the use of noise to create music will continue to grow until we reach music created with electronic instruments that will be accessible for musical purposes. and for whatever sound we will hear”.

The year 1952 was an important year for medicine. In the USA, a mechanical heart is used for the first time. Meanwhile, at the University of Minnesota, the first open heart surgery is performed. This year, the "Ivy" operation was carried out: the USA successfully detonated the first hydrogen bomb.

1952: Nobel Prize winner for Literature Orhan Pamuk, actors Liam Neeson, Dan Aykroyd, Patrick Swayze and Roberto Benigni, as well as musician David Byrne, leader of the cult group Talking Heads, are born. The latter sang strangely because, according to him, the better the singer's voice, the more difficult it is to understand what he says. So he used his flaw as an advantage. Ahmet Prishtina was also born in 1952 and served as the mayor of Izmir from 1999 to 2004. The following names were also born in 1952: actor Nimon Muçaj, singer Nazmije Hoxha, writers Zejnullah Rrahmani, Visar Zhiti and Skënder Rusi, the Durrsak composer of Armenian origin, Hajg Zaharjan ... In 1952, historian Bernd J. Fischer was born, author of many books about Albanians, as well as one of the most hated names of the XXI century: the Russian dictator Vladimir Putin, who 70 years later will start the invasion of Ukraine and the attempt to wipe out the Ukrainian nation, plunging Europe into its biggest crisis since World War II.

In 1952, the Norwegian Nobel laureate, the writer Knut Hamsun, died, who during the Second World War became a sympathizer of the Nazis. After the war, the state accused him of treason, but he was not convicted because he was declared mentally ill.

In 1952, Hafiz Ibrahim Dalliu also died - hoxha, intellectual and activist of the national issue. Dalliu studied in Istanbul. After finishing his studies, he was appointed imam of Tirana and a teacher in the primary school of this city, which was run by Filip Ashiku. In 1908, he opened a school for girls' teachers. He was part of the "Bashkimi" party, which aspired to national independence at the time of the promulgation of the Constitution (Introduction). In 1909, he was one of the delegates from Tirana at the Congress of Elbasan, where the opening of the Normal School was decided and where he was appointed a teacher. During the years 1909-1911, he was arrested several times by the Ottoman regime, as an activist for Albanian education and the national issue. During the arrests, didactic materials and patriotic press in the Albanian language were seized. He was an imam, but he used the religious environment as a school where he taught children the Albanian language, according to the Latin alphabet - according to the decision of the Congress of Manastir. In 1911, he was imprisoned by the Ottoman regime in Manastir and then in the castle of Thessaloniki, where he was chained and accused as "Hoxha Kaur". After a few months, he was released from prison, due to the efforts of Hasan Prishtina and Mihal Grameno. After 1912, he directed the newspaper "Dajti", while he was a participant in the raising of the national flag on November 26, 1912 in Tirana. The communist regime found him as a teacher in the General Madrasah of Tirana. He was arrested in early February 1948 and sentenced to five years in prison "for criminal offenses against the people of the state - agitation and propaganda", with confiscation of property and loss of civil rights for three years. Although old, he is mercilessly tortured for seven months. At the end of 1948, he was released from prison as a cripple.

In 1952, Gani bey Kryeziu, a fighter of the anti-communist resistance, also died. He was the brother of Said, Hasan and Ceno bey Kryeziu, all sons of Riza bey Kryeziu who was part of the fight for the independence of Albania, but who, according to Hasan Prishtina, was a religious fanatic whose main issue was the release of Sultan Hamid II from prison of Thessaloniki. Ganiu studied at a military academy in Sarajevo and served in the Serbian army in the early 1920s, also as an adjutant to the Serbian king Alexander I. For a short time he also served in Albania, during 1925, after the June Revolution and after returning of Ahmet Zogu in power, with the help of the Serbs. After the murder of his brother in Prague, in 1927 - by Alqiviadh Bebi who was an agent of Zog - he became an enemy of the Zogist regime. In 1932, he and his brother were sentenced to death in absentia for attempting to disrupt the internal order of Albania. With the Italian occupation of Albania, he joined the resistance, maintaining close contact with British intelligence. He was an enemy of the Albanian and Yugoslav communists. The Albanian partisans captured him in 1945, handed him over to the Yugoslav communists who sentenced him to only five years of hard labor. He is said to have escaped from the British.

According to researcher Bajram Mjeku, Aleksandar Ranković sent a telegram to Miladin Popović and Fadil Hoxha. The telegram said: "Urgently tell us why you imprisoned Gani Beu and why you shot his brother Hasan together with his twenty-two companions." What role Fadil Hoxha had in the elimination of the Kryezinjes is best told in his letter to Liri Gegë on September 23, 1944, which expressed the following about the Kryeziu brothers: "They do not believe that with the liberation of Yugoslavia, Kosovo will gain freedom and call Kosovo an indivisible part of Albania". Through the letter addressed to Liri Gegë, Fadil Hoxha already confirms the spirit of the Kryeziu brothers for a Kosovo united with Albania. During his stay in the prison of Mitrovica i Srem, Gani Kryeziu had offers from the Yugoslav leadership to overthrow the government in Albania, more precisely from Slobodan Penezici, known by the nickname "Kërcun". Penezici was the second man in the hierarchy of the Yugoslavian UDB, but Gani Kryeziu refused all of this, until he told the Albanian prisoners: "Better to be in the grave than the villain!"

In 1952, the former deputy and former minister of the Albanian state, Qemal bej Vrioni, also died in the Burrel prison.

The year 1952 is a difficult year for the Albanians of Kosovo, as mass migrations to Turkey begin.

1962: THE MOST DANGEROUS MOMENT OF THE COLD WAR

In Kosovo, in 1962 vaccination against diphtheria began, as a serious contagious disease. The number of infected gradually decreases, while in 1980 the last patient with this disease was registered. Meanwhile, Albania aligns itself behind communist China and becomes its spokesperson at the UN, since then Taiwan was accepted as a state in this organization.

In 1962, Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro, while the US declares an economic embargo on Cuba. Cuba in 1962 was the country that almost led the world to nuclear holocaust. It is about what is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, which culminates on October 27. According to historian Arthur Schlesinger, this was the most dangerous moment of the Cold War and the most dangerous moment in human history. "I thought it was the last Saturday I would ever see," said John Kennedy's Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

It all started a few months ago, when the Soviet Union began installing missiles in Cuba – capable of carrying nuclear warheads – less than 150 kilometers off the coast of Florida, capable of hitting all the cities on the east coast of the United States. of America. In Cuba, Fidel Castro's men had taken power in January 1959, overthrowing the pro-American Fulgencio Batista. After the failed attempt to invade the Bay of Pigs, Cuba falls under the wings of the USSR, this state saw in Cuba the possibility of balancing with the United States (which, with the deployment of nuclear warheads in Turkey, "threatened" many cities in Russia and in other Soviet republics).

The official start of the crisis is October 14, when an American U-2 spy plane photographed a missile being installed on the Caribbean island. Kennedy on October 16 convened an executive committee of the National Security Council. The decision not to allow the USSR to install the missiles was unanimous. But the confrontation would have ignited a world war between the powers that possessed nuclear weapons. Kennedy therefore rejected the direct military option, preferring that of a naval "quarantine" of Cuba, with ships of any nationality prohibited from approaching the island without inspection. Fear, especially in the US, caused people to stockpile food and fuel.

The climax of the crisis was reached on Saturday, October 27, when another U-2 was shot down over Cuba as a strike force was about to depart from American shores for the island. However, Russia decided to withdraw if the United States promised not to occupy the island. That's how it happened. On Sunday morning, October 28, "Radio Moscow" broadcast the response of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that, in order to eliminate any threat to the cause of peace, he ordered the removal of missiles from Cuba and their transfer to the Soviet Union. Then - actually several years later - it was learned that the US had agreed to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey.

After this crisis, Cuba replaces the USA with the USSR as its main economic partner. Castro applies Marxism-Leninism in Cuba, but not even after 1974. Then he rejects the Marxist formula "from each according to his opportunities and to each according to his needs", with the order that each Cuban should "take according to his work". In the years 1976-1981, Castro was involved in revolutions and revolutionary crises in Africa, sending his army as Soviet surrogates.

Since Kennedy was mentioned, a delegation of women hold lectures at the UN where they say they can be women presidents. This had gotten on the American president's nerves, so he reacted: "I am very nervous about the way you talk about women who are active in politics ... do they want to be described as women or as politicians"?

After 132 years as part of France, tensions between France and the Algerian population led to the beginning of the Algerian War which ended with the independence of Algeria on 5 July 1962: the creation of the People's Democratic Republic on 20 September 1962. The country's first president is named Ahmed Ben Bella. However, France still has the undischarged burden of collective guilt for the 1.5 million Algerians killed during the anti-colonial war in 1954-1962.

On April 7, 1962, Tito's former close associate, Millovan Gjilas, was re-arrested. His father killed Isa Boletini. Gjilasi wrote about this: "Isa's battle with his volunteer soldiers had not continued long, despite the strict heroism of the Albanians. By this blow had fallen their leader and his devoted followers. Isa's closest people had been liquidated and the rest had been scattered in four directions. Isa Boletini had been killed, but he had fought bravely, even for a long time, despite being alone on the highway. Thus, wounded, he had risen to his knees and, although he did not have the strength to hold the rifle, he fired with a revolver to at least kill one of the enemies before he died. My father had run towards him and the invincible Albanian had put the revolver in his left hand, but he had not had time to open fire. A soldier had marked him and Isa fell to the ground. The father had come running and Isa had looked at him with big and bloodshot eyes, he had said something in his native language and at that moment he had given up his soul"!

Gjilas in 1948 was part of the Yugoslav delegation visiting Josip Stalin in Moscow. About this meeting, Gjilasi wrote: "I started to explain: 'Nako Spiru has opposed the connection of Albania with Yugoslavia, he is isolated in his Central Committee'. However, I hadn't even finished when Stalin said to my surprise: 'We don't have any special interests in Albania. We agree that Yugoslavia will swallow Albania'! On that occasion, he folded the fingers of his right hand and, bringing them to his mouth, made a swallowing gesture with them. I was surprised, that way of expressing the gesture of swallowing on the part of Stalin, but I don't know if it was also noticed on my face, because I tried to turn it all into humor and understand as usual the way of figurative expression of Stalin. Again I explained: 'It's not about swallowing, it's about joining'! However, on this occasion, (Vyacheslav) Molotov intervened: 'Yes, this is swallowing'! And Stalin, again with that gesture of his: 'Yes, yes, swallow. However, we agree with that. You must swallow Albania, the sooner the better''.

On July 9, the revolutionary work of pop artist Andy Warhol was exhibited: "Campbell's soup cans". We are talking about 32 printed canvases. As early as the 1960s, Warhol had been experimenting with this technique, with reproductions that resembled American comics. But the truth is that Warhol used this soup for lunch every day, for twenty years in a row. Repetition didn't deter him; "the same thing over and over" was what he asked. Consumption was and is the heart of American society, and this is what Warhol wanted: to introduce real mass consumption into art.

In 1962, Nelson Mandela is arrested, by order of the South African government. This year, the conquest of the world by the English group The Beatles begins. In 1962, the single "Love me Do" was released. The biggest mistake in the history of music happened with this group: The Beatles sent some of the recordings to the record company "Decca", one of the most important of the 60s of the last century. The manager of the new bands at the Decca Recording Company will respond to the offer in this way: "I don't like their sound ... Then, bands with electric guitars are in the west and above...". This is supposed to be the biggest misjudgment in the history of rock music. The Beatles, after this rejection, will sign the contract with "Parlophone", which was part of the big record company "EMI". In their eight-year career, The Beatles would record 205 songs and sell hundreds of millions of album copies. Otherwise, "Decca" will not make the same mistake as The Rolling Stones, at the beginning of their career.

In 1962, a strange theory emerged that says knowledge can be eaten! Animal psychologist and biologist James McConnell, who trained sandflies for a certain reflex and then drowned them by giving other untrained sandflies to eat the drowned ones; thus, even the unlearned scribblers knew such a reflex afterwards!

And in 1962, the "magazine from Hamburg" - as everyone who did not want to mention its name called it - published a critical text on a NATO maneuver and on the bad state of the German Army (Bundeswehr). The then rulers, a circle of conservative Catholics from the Christian Democratic Union, marched against "Der Spiegel". In the parliament (Bundestag), the then chancellor Konrad Adenauer was angry about the betrayal of "Der Spiegel". Publisher Rudolf Augstein was arrested and spent 103 days in prison. In front of the headquarters of "Der Spiegel", people protested: "If 'Der Spiegel' dies, then freedom dies". The state's attack on the press cost the government dearly. The then Minister of Defense, Bavarian Franz-Joseph Strauss, was forced to resign.

On August 4, 1962, Marilyn Monroe was found dead in her apartment. she was 36 years old. The official version of her death is that she committed suicide, using sedatives, without which she could not sleep. However, to this day, her death is described as enigmatic and unexplained to the end. Many are inclined to connect her death with the ties she had with the Kennedy brothers - US President John and his brother, Attorney General Bob. These affairs caused, in all probability, major nervous breakdowns. Her relationship with Bob has caused the launch of theories according to which Marilyn was bored with life also because of Bob's insistence that he must be separated from her. However, her popularity did not decline at all after her death. On the contrary. Her films are always very popular, while CDs with the music of the films, where she also sings, are always well received by the public.

In 1999, when "Playboy" Magazine - the most famous in the world for "male taste" - made a selection of one hundred most seductive women of the XNUMXth century, Marilyn Monroe had almost no worthy competition. She was therefore announced as the One of the feminine world in the last century. But few can dispute that she died as the most famous and at the same time the most unfortunate woman in America.

Monroe in her public appearances seemed very happy, chaste, satisfied with her life, carefree. But in real life it was different. She was a very neurotic woman who could not control her behavior and career. Almost always drunk and on drugs, Marilyn became a big problem during the shooting of the films. The fact that she was married to the sportsman (baseball player Joe Dimaggio) and to the most famous American playwright (Arthur Miller) speaks for her problematic character and doubts about what she should do with life, these professions have nothing to do with each other. common.

However, no one can dispute a great merit that Marilyn Monroe has: Her appearance changed the view on sex in all of America and around the world. For the first time, she began to communicate openly about sex with the American public. Marilyn Monroe is not the first nor the last person to suffer from great fame. In all likelihood, this title was first earned by the ancient philosopher, Socrates, who was indeed sentenced to death, as his fame was too much for ancient Athens. But few like Marilyn Monroe have continued to be famous even after death. She came and became a modern icon, thanks to the artistic manipulations of Andy Warhol. Moreover, imitating her is a trend that continues to be strong in Hollywood and elsewhere.

When it comes to sex, in 1961 viewers saw the "French kiss" on the screen for the first time: The protagonists were Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood in the movie "Splendor in the Grass". But it was only in 1962 that a couple was allowed to appear on TV, together in bed. It was Hermand and Lily Munster, in a TV series.

In 1962, the premiere of the first James Bond film is given. It is about the movie "Dr. No". Thus began the Bond Revolution. Actors Jim Carrey, Tom Cruise, Steve Carell, Jodie Foster, Ralph Fiennes and Demi Moore are born in the same year; singers Axl Rose, Jon Bon Jovi and Paula Abdul.

In 1962, the Albanian patriots of Kosovo were born: Mehë Uka, Hakif Zejnullahu and Zahir Pajaziti. 60 years later, the famous "National Geographic" magazine, out of 2 photos sent, selects one of the best from Llapi. The photo is accompanied by these words: "Lladovc, Kosovo: A Lladë is enclosed in a glass box, in a memorial to the early heroes of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The car was carrying KLA members, Zahir Pajaziti, Edmond Hoxha and Hakif Zejnullahu, when they were ambushed by Serbian forces in 238."

The well-known journalist and publicist Tim Judah was born in 1962, familiar with the circumstances of Kosovo and author of many books.

Whereas, this year the writers William Faulkner and Hermann Hesse die; 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics winner Niels Bohr; as well as Nazi Adolf Eichmann. The latter in defense says he did what he was told. This statement has prompted the American psychologist Stanley Milgram to research the damage caused by obedience to authorities. Eichmann during the trial in Israel is photographed by the Albanian Gjon Mili.

1972: THE BACKYARD YEAR

In Kosovo, the Variola Vera epidemic breaks out, which is popularly known as smallpox. Most people with the disease recovered, but approximately three out of every 10 people infected died. Survivors of the disease were left with permanent scars over large areas of the body, especially the face. Some even went blind. Through vaccination, the disease disappeared in 1980. It is believed that an Albanian pilgrim who had visited holy places in the Middle East was infected with it. It is also suspected that Variola came from Belgrade. It is said that 35 died in Kosovo. For protection, quarantine was also imposed. The film "Variola Vera" was made for this event, directed by Goran Markovic. It shows a pilgrim who buys a flute from an Arab.

In 1972, Albania participated for the first time in the Summer Olympic Games, in Munich, Germany. At these games, what later became known as the Munich Massacre will take place: Palestinian terrorists attack representatives of the Israeli Olympic team. Members of the Palestinian organization Black September invade the Olympic Village on September 5 and take 11 Israeli athletes and coaches hostage, two of whom die in the first two hours of the action. Black September named the operation "Ikrit and Biram", after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were killed or driven out by Israeli forces in 1948. German authorities tried to free the other hostages, but without success. Nine hostages, five terrorists and one policeman were killed during the operation. In the retaliatory actions taken by the Israelis against the people who were connected to the massacre, several other people were also killed, two of whom were innocent.

On January 1, 1972, Kurt Waldheim was appointed Secretary General of the United Nations. In the 80s of the last century, a piece of news shocked the world: Kurt Waldheim, the former Secretary General of the UN, who held this position for two terms (1972-1981), was a high-ranking Nazi collaborator and officer during World War II, responsible for crimes! Hakif Bajrami, a historian from Kosovo, was among those historians who smeared the figure of this diplomat, honored and decorated by numerous world personalities. These news came out exactly at the time when Bajrami was the chairman of the Commission of Historians dealing with the writing of the history of the Communist Party of Kosovo. Bajrami at that time is said to have had the permission of Ali Shukri - the loyal communist of Serbian politics - to research the Belgrade archives. Therefore, there are still doubts that the publications related to the figure of Waldhem were served to Bajrami for the interests of the politics of that time, precisely at the time when the former Secretary of the UN was continuing his political career as the president of Austria. On February 7, 1988, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) reported that Waldheim participated in the execution of 104 Albanians in 1944. However, German historians who began researching Waldheim's past could not find documents linking him to the deportation of former Yugoslavian civilians to labor and death camps. The office of Waldheim (Austrian Presidency), as reported by JTA, has denied these accusations that were also published by the German weekly "Der Spiegel". Bajrami, who was the director of the Archive of Kosovo, said that he has the documents, but did not offer them. Bajrami had also refused to cooperate with an international commission of historians, formed by Austria, to investigate Waldheim's military past. One thing is known: in the Archive of Kosovo there is documentation of former Serbian media (e.g. "Politika"), where Austria is mentioned as the main enemy of Serbian interests, because it was precisely this country that fought for the interests of Albanians.

In 1972, another massacre occurred: the British army killed 13 unarmed marchers in Northern Ireland. The event today is known as Bloody Sunday, for which the group U2 sang a song with the following lines: "And it is true that we have immunity / Until the fact is fiction and reality TV / Even today millions die / We are healthy and summer and they also die the next day / The constant battle has just begun / To affirm the punishment Jesus has won / A Sunday, a bloody Sunday / A Sunday, a ghastly Sunday”. But in 1972 the great disaster or Ikiza also happened: the mass murders, often described as genocide, which were carried out in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi - who dominated the army and the government - against the educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. It is estimated that up to 300 people were killed. Meanwhile, the dictator of Uganda, Idi Amini, announced the expulsion of 50 thousand Asians from the country. As if these evils were not enough, Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.

In 1972, a madman named Jean-Bédel Bokassa becomes president of the Central African Republic and will plunge the country into chaos. In 1976, he declared himself emperor. The orphan, educated in a religious mission, was a brave soldier, but friends say he was very stupid. The coronation ceremony modeled after his hero, Napoleon, cost $80 million and drove the impoverished country into bankruptcy. The golden crown alone cost $20 million. After three years as "emperor", the French decided to overthrow him from power. But what has he done for his people? In 1979 he arrested hundreds of children for not buying uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives; supervised the massacre of 100 children; he threw his opponents to the lions for food; ate human flesh...

In 1972, the writer, publicist and translator Nonda Bulka died, as well as the famous Romanian playwright of Albanian origin, Viktor Eftimiu. Eftimiu's works have been translated into many other languages, while his dramas and comedies have been staged in many capitals of the world. In 1972, the famous poet Ezra Pound died - one of the greatest modernist poets in the first half of the 1972th century, well known as one of the founders of the poetic movement of imagery. But it was also controversial as it supported fascism and the propaganda activities of the Axis powers in World War II. In 1962, the researcher and publicist from Kosovo, Krist Maloki, also died in Graz, Austria. In 1930, Maloki visited Albania "with the idea that, when he retires, he could go with his wife to Albania". He confessed that "he lived in isolation in Grac, and that he wanted to spend his retirement in Albania, where he had school friends, like Eqrem Çabejn". He had started his friendship with the latter in the 1930s, when they were both studying in Graz. At the end of the XNUMXs, both had appeared in the specialized Albanian press with articles in the field of literary criticism and about Albania's place between East and West. A CIA report mentions a conversation between Krist Maloki and Spiro Koleka, a senior communist leader. At that time, on the agenda was the question of which way Albania would lean: towards the East or towards the West? Maloki says that "Albania could not live on its own products because it was a mountainous country... If you open up new lands you will destroy the mountain pastures, because working the land in the mountains and hills would endanger it from rains and erosion... Albania must to strengthen animal husbandry and to connect its economy with Western Europe...". During the trip, Maloki "visited several cities in Albania, noting that, despite all the progress achieved, the people lived in a regime of terror and fear". From this visit, with the advice of Franciscan Justin Rrota, he is discouraged from living in Albania. Likewise, his wife did not like life in Tirana either. This is how communist Albania fails to claim this precious intellectual who was valued in Kosovo.

In 1972, the 33rd American president, Harry S. Truman, also died. He is remembered for allowing the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman won the war against Japan. Some say the atomic bomb scared Joseph Stalin of the USSR, which curbed his ambitions to invade Japan.

In 1972, a strange Guinness record was achieved: the Yugoslav stewardess Vesna Vulovic, is the only survivor of the plane that is destroyed by a bomb explosion, over the air of Czechoslovakia. She survived even though the plane fell from a height of over 10 meters. He thus holds the Guinness record for surviving a fall from the highest height without a parachute. She is said to have escaped by being strapped to a seat in the last row of the plane, which, after the explosion, was strapped to the lavatory section and fell down a snow-covered mountain. A record is also set by the Volkswagen Beetle (Buba), which exceeds the sales of Ford's Model T. Until February 1972, the production of this car reached the number 15 007 034. In February of the same year, American President Richard Nixon started his eight-day visit to the People's Republic of China where he met Mao Zedong. Meanwhile, Bobby Fischer defeats the Russian Boris Spassky in Reykjavik, Iceland and becomes the first American chess champion in the world. A film was also made for this confrontation. Fischer was a young American hero, but in 1992 he made a big mistake: he faced Spassky in St. Stephen, Montenegro, breaking the UN sanctions against what was called Yugoslavia. The Americans issue an arrest warrant for him and he never returns to the US.

In 1972, Sharbat Gula was born, who will later be known as the Afghan Girl, according to the famous portrait that the American photographer Steve McCurry took for "National Geographic" magazine. The photo is taken in a camp of Afghan refugees who had fled the war against the Soviets. Gula was 12 years old. In 1972, another war photographer, Nick Ut, reporting from the Vietnam War, won the Pulitzer Prize for the photo known as Napalm Girl, published by the Associated Press. The photo shows nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc, terrified as she runs naked through the streets after being burned with napalm.

Actors Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, Idris Elba, Cameron Diaz, Ben Affleck, Sofia Vergara were born in 1972; footballer Zinedine Zidane and singer Eminem. In 1972, the KLA fighter Adrian Rexhep Krasniqi was born, who was killed during an attack on the Serbian police post in Kličina, on October 16, 997.

YEAR 1982: THE MURDER OF JUSUF GARVALLA, KADR ZEKA AND BARDHOSH GARVALLA

On January 17, 1982, the brothers Jusuf and Bardhosh Gërvalla, as well as Kadri Zeka, were killed in Untergrupenbah, Germany. Bardhoshi and Kadriu die at the scene, Yusufi later.

Jusuf Gërvalla was born on October 1, 1945 in Dubovik, Municipality of Deçan. He finished primary school in Prapaçan. When he was only six years old, his father died. In 1959, his family moved to Slovenia, while he remained in Kosovo, with his uncle in Peja, to finish his education. The consequences of separation from family and hometown are described with these lines: "I have abandoned my hometown / I have abandoned my home / I left my childhood as a hostage to your high mountains". Or: "And thus youth and growth were cut off / Through the world then as a small man that I am / With a sea of ​​songs boiling in my bosom / I went, father, to the tower once as a skunk / Here I am so small, but also a man ".

After finishing high school in Peja, he enrolled in the faculty in Pristina. In the meantime, he starts working at the Kosovo Theater as a whisperer. In this capacity, in 1969, together with the Theater Troupe, he went to the Nis penitentiary to show the well-known drama "Waiting for Godon" to the prisoners. Yusufi uses the opportunity to send this message to the political prisoners: "Hold on and don't get upset, you are not alone. We are all with you. The future is ours. Freedom is coming." However, upon returning, he realized that the letter had fallen into the hands of the police. They interrogate him, put pressure on him and consequently fire him. In 1971, he was employed in Skopje as a translator in "Flame of Brotherhood". In 1973, he started working at "Rilindja", where in 1978 he became the editor of the site for radio and television. He was a well-known singer in the Kosovo variety show. In 1975 he published the first collection "Flying and Falling", in 1978 "Kanjuše e jalu", in 1979 "Shenjat e bien". Meanwhile, he wrote the first novel "Two florins of a love" in 1975, but it was not published. The other novel "Rotull" was also published only after he was killed. Also, after his death, the drama "Procesi" was published.

On December 14, 1979, when the members of the LNCKVShJ were arrested, he realized that he was going to be arrested and left Kosovo. With the help of Bardhoshi, he passes through the Gorica tunnel to Austria and then to Germany, where he seeks political asylum. On January 17, 1980, his close family also went to him: his wife Syzana and children Premtoni, Donika and Ergoni.

In exile, Jusufi is actively engaged in publishing. It will help in publishing the newspaper "Bashkimi", later the newspaper "Liria". In August 1980, he publishes the newspaper "Lajmatari i Lirisa" (three issues). On October 1, 1981, he publishes the newspaper "Zëri i Kosova" (two issues).

In the summer of 1980, he came into contact with an organized illegal group in the district of Deçan, specifically with Ismail Haradinaj from Gllogjani. To this group Jusuf Gërvalla sends the materials of the organization and at the same time several hundred copies of the newspaper "Lajmatari i lirisi" and through it he forms the Committee of the LNCKVShJ for the Municipality of Deçan.

He was injured in the assassination attempt on January 17, 1982 and died four hours later in the Heilbronn hospital.

Kadri Zeka was born on April 25, 1953 in Poličkë village, Malësia e Dardana (Kamenica). He finished primary school in Desivojca. Since in 1968 his family moved to Gjilan, where he finished high school. In 1972, he enrolled in the Faculty of Law of Pristina, Journalism Branch.

In 1973, Kadri Zeka belongs to the organized ranks of the "Revolutionary Group". He was in a cell with Rexhep Mala, Hilmi Ramadan and Hydajet Hysen.

He worked as a journalist at Radio Prishtina, while he participated in obtaining a magazine in Pristina. During 1974, he brought another more practical typewriter from Switzerland (where he had gone with a forged passport), with which the scattered tracts were multiplied.

On April 15, 1978, Hydajet Hyseni was kidnapped in the middle of the Pristina market and sent to Lipovica (Blinajë), to the house of hunters and interrogated by the highest officials of the UDB of Kosovo. The next day they release him, maybe to reflect. Aware of the imminent danger, they both escape. Since he had a passport, Kadri Zeka goes to Switzerland, to the city of Saint Gallen, where he is helped by members of the organization, while Hydajeti continues to live illegally in Kosovo.

In Switzerland, Kadriu makes contact with Albanian organizations in exile. In addition, he prepared the publication and wrote many articles himself for the "Liria" newspaper. Contributed to the drafting and distribution of "Theses about the Popular Front for the Republic of Kosovo". Under his direct care, thousands of copies of these publications were introduced and distributed in Kosovo.

Bardhosh Gërvalla was born in 1951, in Dubovik. He was eight years old when he emigrated to Slovenia with his family. There he completed primary and secondary school in the Slovenian language. Then he returned to Kosovo and enrolled at the University of Pristina, where he studied English.

During his studies, he sang and composed songs together with his brother, Yusuf. In 1974 he went to Germany, where he was employed as a social worker in Ludwigsburg. There he had the opportunity to meet and get to know many emigrants from Kosovo. With Yusuf's exit, he put him in contact with the German media and institutions, helped them in providing technical means for arranging and publishing newspapers.

He was imbued with a genuine Western culture, which enabled him to communicate with foreigners of all ranks. Several times in a row, he also physically confronted the Yugoslav consuls, when the latter took pictures of the demonstrators or tried to prevent the Albanian activists with their fists during their activity.

He left behind three children.

The neighborhood where the Gërvalla brothers lived was a quiet neighborhood, inhabited mainly by teachers, doctors, engineers... At one entrance to the street, on the left side, there were many garages, also in front of the Gërvalla family's two-story apartment. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the turn, a three-story house was under construction. As it was found out later, agents of the Yugoslav secret services were watching from there.

The brothers Gërvalla and Kadri Zeka went out at that time, as they told Yusuf's friend, Syzana Gërvalla, to make a phone call from a cabin in a neighboring village, probably to avoid eavesdropping.

They left the house around 22:00. They entered the garage, got into the car driven by Bardhoshi. To get out of the garage onto the street, the car had to climb uphill due to the snow to the top of the street entrance, i.e. about 30 meters. At the top of the bend, the car is curved to the left, to have room to turn around and exit the road. This maneuver was made in front of the house under construction, where the killers were hiding. The latter saw their exit, then the entrance to the garage and got ready to execute the assassination. When the car came back, in front of the house under construction, the killers were behind it. According to witnesses, there were two killers: one killed Bardhosh Gërvalla, while the other killed Kadri Zeka, who was in the front seat, on the right side. Then they injured Jusuf Gërvalla, who was sitting in the back seat, and left after emptying 12 bullets.

A German neighbor informed the Gërvalla family about the tragedy. Syzana Gërvalla found her husband alive, holding his wounds with his hand. He asked about Bardhoshi and Kadri, if they are alive, and told him that he saw a tall man who shot at them, but he did not recognize him.

After half an hour help arrives quickly from Heilbronn.

After the surgical intervention, at 3:00 am on January 18, 1982, Jusuf Gërvalla also died. But before he died, he managed to tell the German police: "The Yugoslav UDB killed us"!

The decision to execute political opponents is normally made at the highest level of the country. Initially, the information services have collected all the possible data about the future victim: the address (the place where he lives, the floor, the neighbors, usually the phone was tapped in such a way that they installed microphones in the basement or in the pipes where the telephone wires were laid) , behavior (where and with whom he lives, where he works, what he travels with, with whom he practices entering and exiting, etc.). All these data have been concretized with expert drawings and photographs.

After the file has been analyzed, the team of assassins and supporters, eliminators of possible traces, etc. has been assigned. In addition to this, disinformation has also been prepared, which was spread by the agent network before and after the assassination. This activity also includes anonymous letters and phone calls addressed to judicial bodies, media and various personalities. The intention was not only to hide the traces, but also to introduce as much confusion as possible and to present the political crime as a settling of accounts between political rivals or as a settling of accounts between representatives of the underground, etc.

This is what happened in the case of the assassination attempt against the brothers Gërvalla and Kadri Zeka.

After the death of Tito, the dome of the information services was concentrated in the hands of Stane Dollanci, a member of the Presidency of the RSFJ. The Minister of Internal Affairs was the partisan general, Franjo Herlević, with Croatian nationality. With the arrival of Dollanci, information services significantly change their methods of operation. One of the changes is that the UDB begins to engage the Yugoslav underground, the pillars of the mafia, to eliminate political opponents abroad.

According to many sources, the assassination in Untergrupenbah was carried out by Zeljko Razhnjatoviqi, known by the nickname Arkan. This was the son of a senior KOS (Military Counterintelligence Service) officer. As a young man, he was actively involved in delinquency: beatings, thefts, robberies, rapes... While serving his sentence, he escaped from prison and went out, where he committed spectacular crimes. He is arrested, but manages to escape from the most popular prisons in Sweden, Belgium and Switzerland. From a criminal with international renown, at the personal insistence of Stane Dollanci, he becomes an officer with a strong influence in the Serbian services. There are indications that the other criminal was also involved in this crime, the boss of the Frankfurt mafia, Lubo Zemunac. These two, a year later, also executed the well-known Croatian personality, Stjepan Gjurekovic, near Munich, by slaughtering him with an axe.

"Der spiegel", on January 25, 1982, reports as follows: "After the Croats in exile, it seems, the government of Belgrade has declared a bloody war against the Albanians in exile... It was disturbing what the inhabitants of the municipality of Untergrupenbach in Heilbron have seen : The car continued to slow down, because the driver still had his foot on the gas pedal. Then, he lets off the clutch and apparently dies, so the car keeps going until it hits a garage in front of him. The car stops, the engine turns off and the environment calms down. The police found in the car: the driver Bardhosh Gërvalla, 31 years old, Yugoslavian, hit by six bullets, standing dead behind the wheel; his fellow passenger, Kadri Zekan, 28 years old, killed by two bullet hits in the body, and the driver's brother, Jusuf Gërvalla, 36 years old, also seriously injured by two bullet hits. The three victims were quickly identified and their political direction was also quickly known: Yugoslavs in exile belonging to the Albanian nationality, from the province of Kosovo, in the south of the Balkan state, and all three activists against the Belgrade government. There were also notes about the perpetrators of the murder. At the scene, Jusuf Gërvalla, who later died, had whispered to the police: 'It was the UDB' – the Yugoslav secret police. All three men had been shot twelve times by 7,65 caliber pistols, ten shots had gone through the heart, lungs and neck. A policeman at the scene says: 'It looked like an execution.' It's a method used by the secret service, as Stuttgart sniper and police instructor Siegfried Hübner says – four rounds must be fired, 'three to pin down the victim if he's still standing, that is to knock him down and make him unable to fight back' , and then the fourth replay – necessary and deadly'. This also speaks for the UDB. For many years, the Yugoslav secret service and the opponents of the regime in the outside world have been fighting. In many cases, Yugoslavs in exile have attacked their embassies, consulates and government representatives. Belgrade always reacted to crime and terror in the same way... Belgrade fears the groups in exile, which are hotbeds of unrest in the multinational state - and fights them. Especially the Croatians who are outside, the assassins of the secret service have pointed their pistols at. In many cases of crimes against Croats in exile, the participation of Belgrade has been proven... In addition to the Croats, the Yugoslav state is already targeting the Albanians. Since last spring, when the Albanians resisted in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo, where there were bloody riots, Belgrade has discovered the culprits abroad... The Gërvallajs have been known on the foreign scene. The brother, Jusufi, who a short time ago gave an interview to a daily newspaper, in which he said that it was for the armed struggle against the Yugoslav state, was, according to the police reports, also the editor of the newspaper "Voice of Kosovo" in exile. Bardhosh Gërvalla came to Germany in 1974. He worked as a counselor for Yugoslav workers, at Solitudestrashe 44, in Ludvigsburg... The political head of the brothers was, it seems, Jusuf Gërvalla.

In 1982, Bekim Fehmiu was invited to Pristina to play the role of Hamlet in a performance of the then Regional People's Theatre, directed by an Englishman. But, due to disagreements with the director, Fehmiu abandoned the project. The role of Hamlet was played by Dibran Tahiri.

In 1982, the film "La Voce" finished, dedicated to the life of the Albanian humanist, Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa). For this project, towards the end of 1979, RAI – Italy's national public broadcasting company – approached Chiara Film Studio about producing a film about Mother Teresa's early years in Skopje. The project was the idea of ​​Gjon Kolndrekaj, of Albanian origin from Kosovo, who at that time was program director at RAI. Kolndrekaj knew Mother Teresa personally and was in contact with her from 1977, but consulted with a number of scholars, clerics and artists from Kosovo, Macedonia and beyond who knew Mother Teresa and her family in Skopje, or were in contact with him while the project was taking shape. He visited a number of locations in Kosovo and Macedonia in November and December 1979 to identify locations for the film. It was agreed that filming would begin in December 1980. However, the Italian team began filming without Kolndrekaj in November 1980. The main reason for this was the agreement between the three Yugoslav film studios: "Avala Film" in Serbia, "Jadran Film" in Croatia and "Vardar Film" based in Skopje. The deal came with a number of conditions which producer Oscar Brazzi accepted. For example, in one scene, little Gonxhe is shot not in the Catholic church, but in the Orthodox one. The second major deviation from the original plan concerned the clothing of the characters. The members of the Bojaxhiu family were dressed in Serbian and Slavic-Macedonian folk costumes. The third change was related to Bojaxhiu's attitude towards the Albanian national issue. Unhappy with the changes to the original script, Kolndrekaj informed Brazzi and Rai Uno that he no longer wished to be associated with the project. He conveyed his concerns about the film to Mother Teresa, who told him not to worry about it: "God will do something about this injustice." This "embargo" was broken for the first time by Rai Uno only on September 6, 1997 at 3:40 am. At that time, Mother Teresa had been dead for about eight hours.

In 1981 and 1982, some Albanian workers of Trepca were accused of stealing large amounts of gold and silver, and this was the pretext for the dismissal of many Albanian engineers and technicians. From this moment, from 1981 to 1989, Belgrade monopolized the export of Trepca's ores, to Russia and elsewhere, exchanging the benefits for hard currency and oil products, while the Kosovars were only compensated with electricity and forms of various payments. Due to high inflation in the 1980s, this pattern of discrimination has deepened.

The rate of natural increase of the population of Kosovo in 1982 was 25.6 percent. The natural increase of Kosovo's population in the ninth decade of the 1981th century was about a third smaller than the natural increase in the eighth decade (between 1990-1982). In 1982, Serbian propaganda for emigration from Kosovo began. Based on the evidence made by the state bodies of the former Yugoslavia for those who moved from Kosovo and for those who came to Kosovo from November 1986 to June 16, 958 Serbs and 2 Montenegrins had moved from Kosovo. (a total of 613 people), but at the same time, 19 Serbs and 571 other or similar Montenegrins had come to live in Kosovo (who together made up a total of 9 people). These values ​​show that the migration-arrival difference was 682 people.

On April 2, 1982, the Falklands War begins between the United Kingdom and Argentina, for control of the Falkland Islands. The war broke out after the occupation of the island by Argentina, considering them part of it. The war ended on June 14, 1982, with the surrender of the islands by Argentina.

On April 25, 1982, Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula, in accordance with the peace agreement with Egypt of 1979. Meanwhile, on June 6, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, which was engulfed in civil war, begins. Lebanon's Civil War left over 120 dead, while a million people fled the country, destroying the country's economy. The problem began in 1948, when over 110 Palestinian refugees fled to Lebanon, later running a state-within-a-state in West Beirut and South Lebanon. In the 1970s, fighting broke out between a coalition of Palestinian refugees and Muslim and Druze militias with mainly Christian resistance forces. Syria intervened, sending troops into Lebanon, which it did not recognize as a state and wanted to annex (Syria recognizes Lebanon in 2008). Israel launched invasion operations in 1978 and again in 1982. General Ariel Sharon led the 1982 attack on Lebanon. The Red Cross estimated that the invasion claimed the lives of around 18 people, mostly civilians. Meanwhile, Western countries intervene. Yasser Arafat and about six thousand fighters from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) are evacuated from Lebanon. Israel leaves Lebanon a year later.

In 1982, Saddam, with his two sons, visited the front with the Iranians. In an instant, Saddam asked for volunteers to attack the front line. Udayi, taken as he was, boarded the helicopter and started firing. Unfortunately for the Iraqi troops, he was targeting them and not the Iranian front line.

In 1982, Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany. Kohl later succeeds in realizing the dream of uniting the two Germanys.

In 1982, "Times" Magazine published the portrait of the Polish dissident, Lech Walesa, on the front page. In an interview with the author of this article, Walesa said about this front: "At this time, none of the state men, none of the crowned state men believed in the communist regime. Rather, I was treated frivolously when I said then that the Soviet Union would not last until the end of the 1982th century. The lack of hope in reaching this moment would not allow the achievement of victory". However, in XNUMX Walesa's movement, Solidarity, was banned.

Actors Eddie Redmayne, Seth Rogen, Kirsten Dunst were born in 1982. Prince William of Wales, heir to the British royal throne, was also born. In 1982, the actor of Albanian origin, John Belushi, composer Carl Orff, other actors Romy Schneider, Henry Fonda, Ingrid Bergman and Grace Kelly, who was the Princess of Monaco, died.

1992: THE END OF THE TITOS STATE, THE ELECTIONS IN KOSOVO AND THE THREAT OF LIGHTNING

On March 2 and 3, the Albanians of the Presheva Valley, through the referendum - for the first time in a plebiscite way - express their political will by declaring for Territorial Political Autonomy, as a necessary form for the realization of all individual and national rights, but preserving the right to self-determination (where the right to union with Kosovo is emphasized).

In April 1992, the "Republic of Illyria" was proclaimed in the city of Struga. But, such a reality remained only in theory, without being realized in reality. This is due to the fact that the Albanian parties in Macedonia, as well as other political organizations, did not support him.

On May 24, 1992, pluralist elections for president, Parliament and Government of the Republic of Kosovo were held in Kosovo. Ibrahim Rugova is appointed president.

Albania in 1992 was in economic chaos. In the March elections, the Democratic Party wins with 62 percent of the votes. Sali Berisha is appointed president of Albania, Ramiz Alia resigns, while Aleksandër Meksi becomes prime minister. In July, the Communist Party of Albania is declared illegal, while in September, Ramiz Alia and the wife of the late Enver Hoxha, Nexhmije Hoxha, are arrested. In 1992-1993, the largest flow of brains abroad took place in Albania.

In 1992, the four former republics of the former RSFJ (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) were internationally recognized as states, with a recommendation to examine the issue of minorities. Here we were thinking of the Albanians of Kosovo, the Serbs in Croatia and the Albanians in Macedonia. But in 1992, the war continued in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Bijelina, p. s., the massacres are carried out, where in March 1992 nine Albanians are also killed. Surprisingly, in 1992, the Secretary General of the UN, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, published the so-called "Agenda for Peace", a report written for the Security Council. Gali wrote "that the opportunity has been taken to achieve the great objectives of the Charter (of the UN)". This included not only peacekeeping, but also peacemaking or the use of force between warring parties, whether or not they agree to it. He also emphasized the promotion of Human Rights and higher standards of living. But the wars never stopped.

In 1992, Tito's state came to an end. The Arbitration Commission, in its answers to questions 4 and 8 concerning the existence or non-existence of the state of the former Yugoslavia, informs Lord Carrington - who a year ago presided over the diplomatic talks on the dissolution of Yugoslavia - that the Socialist Republic The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [FRY] no longer exists. On May 18, 1992, the chairman of the Arbitration Commission received a letter from Lord Carrington, where he asked the Commission for this opinion: If the positive answer is received (has the dissolution of the RSFJ been carried out?), on what grounds and in accordance with what modality should solve the problems of the inheritance of the states which are presented between the different states that emerged from the RSFJ? The arbitration commission, among other things, answered: the process of dissolution of the RSFJ was carried out according to point 8 and it no longer exists, while the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) has no right to call itself the only successor of the RSFJ. Regarding the issue of succession, in opinion no. 9, point 4, states: the successor states of the SFRY (where Kosovo was not included), must agree and through agreements resolve all issues related to the inheritance; that during the talks they come to objective solutions, relying on the principles on which the Vienna Convention of 1978 and that of 1983 are based, as well as the relevant rules of customary international law; that the property of the RSFJ, located in third countries, should be divided among the successor countries in corresponding proportions; that all claims and debts of the RSFJ should be divided equally between the successor countries, etc. The Badinter Report, which raises the question of the succession of the RSFJ, which unjustly excluded Kosovo's participation in this process, is supported in the opinions of the Arbitration Commission. In the material of the Arbitration Commission, in point 1.b. the state is defined as a community that makes up the territory and the population, that belongs to (is subject to) the organized political power. The Commission did not take into consideration the case of defining new states, where the basis of support was the Constitution of 1974, including only the republics as states and not Kosovo.

By denying the legal right of Kosovo, the situation becomes more and more unbearable, for which leaving was seen as a solution. According to the first results of the registration of Albanians abroad, on March 1, 1992, 217 Kosovars were recorded, mostly in Germany - 132 (about 82 percent), in Switzerland 348 (38 percent), Sweden over 72 (448 percent) then less in Austria, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, France, England, etc. But, as Serbian violence against Albanians escalated, so did the number of those leaving Kosovo. Only one year later, in 33.4, the number of the persecuted reached the figure of 15 Albanians. Again, the largest number of them will seek shelter in Germany - 000, then in Switzerland - 5.7, in Sweden - over 1993, etc. These figures showed that the Serbs who were previously practicing ethnic cleansing and at the same time encouraged and stimulated the Serbs from other parts of the former Yugoslav federation to settle in Kosovo. Belgrade authorities had also issued over 368 discriminatory laws for Kosovo Albanians, while after Operation "Storm" in Kosovo they brought over 000 thousand Serbs from the Krai of Croatia.

The damage of Serbian rule can be seen in every aspect of life in Kosovo. Kosovo Albanians were excluded from leadership and other important positions in the health system, as well as in other public services during the years 1990-1992. Albanians were deprived of health insurance, after the new measures. A parallel charity health system was put into operation by the "Mother Teresa" association, to provide free basic health services to those who could not use private medical services and to those who did not have a social security card. This association has established 96 clinics in Kosovo, mainly in villages, which were mostly inhabited by Albanians. The workers of this association worked for free.

Serbia also fought free speech. In November 1992, the Serbian authorities passed in the Parliament the law on the transformation and transfer of the property of "Rilindja" to that of "Panorama", which would be under the strict control of the government authorities. A year later, the journalists of the Albanian Political Weekly "Zëri" (and some journalists and writers from "Rilindja", among them the poet Ali Podrimja, who is remembered for the slogan: "Peace, here you are dying") went on a hunger strike. 11-day, on the seventh floor of the Press Palace, against the postponement of the Albanian media under the repressive (violent) measures of the enterprise installed by Belgrade "Panorama", i.e. against the extinction of the Albanian written word.

With the decision of the Assembly of Serbia, on September 27, 1990, the violent Serbian regime began to implement violent measures in the People's University Library of Kosovo. The then-violent Serbian police and directorate removed 99 librarians. The qualification and national structure of employees was completely changed, and not even 10 percent of non-Serb workers remained. In July 1991, six trucks weighing 12 kilograms were taken out of the Library - full of books and newspapers - to be sold to the Paper Factory in Lipjan. The next time, from January 300-28, 31, seven trucks full of books were taken out, or exactly 1992 packages with about 3 book volumes, while on February 080, 100, a truck was also full of books and newspapers.

A good thing comes from this year's evidence: During the All-Popular Albanian Movement for the Forgiveness of the Blood of Wounds and Mistakes, from February 2, 1990 to May 17, 1992, 1 bloods, 230 wounds and 542 mistakes were forgiven. So, the movement reached 1 approvals. Meanwhile, in 180, the Threat of Krishndella by the then American president, George Bush, happened. The Bush administration's order was clear: If Serbia starts a war in Kosovo, America will intervene militarily. The order was clear to all parties. The Albanians, at that time gathered in the peaceful movement of Ibrahim Rugova, should not try to organize any armed resistance, because in that case America would not interfere in the war and would not help the Albanians. According to analyst and publicist Blerim Shala: "America of Bush's time was not directly involved in stopping the war in the former RSFJ, which at the time recognized Bosnia and Croatia as its fronts. But, if the war were to spread to Kosovo and Macedonia, the prevailing belief in Washington was that it would be impossible to avoid America's involvement in the international efforts to pacify the region. American officials, as well as many analysts, asserted that peace in Kosovo and Macedonia is a strategic American interest, first of all because in that case the situation in this part of the Balkans, where the fierce rivalry could worsen between Turkey and Greece (both member states of the NATO Pact and US allies) would acquire new forms. Kiršendella's threat was also indicative in another aspect: It warned of Washington's unilateral action and not through the UN Security Council, the NATO Pact, etc. Other visible elements of American involvement in Kosovo are the opening of the US Office in June 2, the External Wall of Sanctions in the Dayton Agreement (952), the inclusion of ambassadors Robert Gelbard, Richard Holbrooke and Christopher Hill as mediators in the war years, the Rambouillet Conference, the NATO pact campaign in the spring of 1992, etc. The invisible and not well-known side to the public has to do with the American role in the creation of intra-Albanian homogeneity in 1996 and 1995. All three mentioned ambassadors (Gelbard, Holbrooke and Hill, especially the latter) had a great share in the creation of joint negotiating groups of Albanians, in overcoming disagreements and impatience between our chief politicians, in drafting the strategic orientations of the Albanian movement, in decision-making in the most dramatic moments of the war years. If it weren't for the American diplomats, the Albanian leaders would never have come together, they would never have created a delegation for the Rambouillet Conference and they would never have understood the importance of accepting Rambouillet's offer."

According to some analyses, if it were not for the experience of Bosnia and the sense of shame of many Western diplomats and military personnel who have allowed Serbian forces to do whatever they want in Bosnia, such a persistent action by the US would hardly have happened. European allies and the NATO Pact in 1999, on the occasion of the bombing of the Serbian police and military forces. President Bill Clinton played a role in this, who won the election in 1992. When he defeated George Bush, he was so young that Bush could have been his father. In fact, Clinton was the first American president-elect who was born after the end of World War II. He was the first president to admit to using marijuana, playing the saxophone, and having sex in the White House. He was the first US president to visit Vietnam, 25 years after the end of the war, and to order the US military to attack Serbian targets in Bosnia and Kosovo. "If we don't act, it means we give Slobodan Milosevic a license to kill," Clinton was decisive on March 19, 1999. When he left the White House, Clinton was one of the most successful American presidents in the XNUMXth century.

According to some data from 1992, the mafia was the largest Italian business. The Mafia has earned one out of every eight Italian lire and 12 percent of the national product. Meanwhile, a research this year showed that almost 40 percent of the Euro-Western population were against the creation of a common currency, that is, the euro. The biggest opponents of the common currency were the Danes, the Finns, the Swedes and the English. Even in Germany there was great opposition, knowing the role of the brand in the creation of the German national identity

In December 1992, a bomb is thrown at a hotel in Yemen, targeting American soldiers on their way to serve in Somalia. This was the first terrorist attack by the al-Qaeda group led by Osama bin Laden. In 1992, the first Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan begins, while the Hindu state of Tamil Nadu admits the existence of the monstrous custom of drowning newborn girls.

In 1992, die: renowned scientist, pioneer of digital technology, Grace Hopper: comedian Benny Hill; actress Marlene Dietrich; composer John Cage and former German Chancellor Willy Brandt

The year 1992 is also marked by an event: the crossing of the legs of the actress Sharon Stone in the movie "Basic Instict", which left the male gender speechless and breathless.

YEAR 2002: EURO, NATO AND EU ENLARGEMENT

The German Michael Steiner is appointed the Chief Administrator of Kosovo. The Serbs later called him the son-in-law of the Albanians, since Steiner fell in love with and married a Kosovar Albanian.

In January, the Prime Minister of Albania, Ilir Meta, resigned. His place is taken by Pandeli Majko and very soon by Fatos Nano. Apart from the political crises, Albania faced major energy crises.

In Kosovo, the second local elections are held, where again the Democratic League of Kosovo wins most of the municipalities.

On February 12, 2002, the trial of the Butcher of the Balkans, Slobodan Milosevic, began at the Hague Tribunal. World democratic opinion welcomed the beginning of this trial. The Butcher of the Balkans, who led Serbian politics from 1987 to 1999, was imprisoned for war crimes, with official charges of organizing the deportation of the civilian population, war crimes and genocide in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Kosovo. Milosevic declared in The Hague that he "does not know" the Tribunal for war crimes, but considers himself kidnapped and, therefore, did not want to engage lawyers. In the first phase of the trials, the crimes in Kosovo were prosecuted.

The year 2002 also brought the definitive undoing of the former RSFJ. Serbia and Montenegro started the debate on the new constitutional declaration and agreed that Yugoslavia no longer exists.

In 2002, die: sculptor Fuat Dushku, painter Ismail Lulani and writer Kolë Jakova, singer Peggy Lee and actor James Coburn.

In January 2002, the total number of job seekers registered in Kosovo was 240 167. During the month of February, the total number of job seekers reached 242 428.

In 2002, there were no deaths in childbirth in Kosovo.

Another important event happened this year: the use of the euro begins in Kosovo. In the European Economic and Monetary Union, eleven countries have entered the first circle: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Austria and Finland. Great Britain, Sweden and Denmark themselves did not immediately want to be included in it, while Greece in 2002 did not fulfill the strict criteria of being included in this powerful financial alliance. As is known, on January 1, 1999, the euro began to function as a common currency, but only in 2002 did it start its real life. When the euro was announced, one dollar was worth one euro, while in relation to the German mark, one dollar was worth about 1.8 German marks. Until 2002, the euro lost 12-15 percent of its value against the dollar, while in relation to the German mark, the dollar strengthened a lot: one dollar was worth two marks.

The main events that marked the world in 2002 are as follows.

In early 2002, US President George W. Bush declared: "The war against terrorism has just begun...". These words meant that Washington will not give up settling accounts with Saddam Hussein's regime and that the new Bush will finish the work that his father started 12 years ago. From the White House, throughout the year, a strong media campaign was promoted to convince the world that Baghdad possesses weapons of mass destruction. The Iraqis said they are unable to produce weapons of mass destruction because of the sanctions that the United Nations imposed on Iraq 12 years ago.

In 2002 many terrorist attacks occur. A car bomb attack outside a discotheque on the Indonesian island of Bali in October killed 190 tourists, mostly Australians. Al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the attack. It was later realized that the attack was planned by local Islamists, but the inspiration came - without a doubt - from Osama bin Laden. In December, Israeli targets in Kenya were attacked, killing 16 people. Islamic terrorists also sowed death in Tunisia, planting a bomb in a synagogue and killing 21 people. In the month of May, a series of assassinations were organized in the Philippines where 14 people died. Bomb attacks in Dagestan, Pakistan and Algeria followed, killing more than 90 people. It was said that the spy services of several European countries have succeeded in thwarting dozens of major terrorist attacks in Europe.

And in 2002, in the "Dubrovka" theater in Moscow, on October 23, while the most watched Russian musical "Nord-Ost" was being shown, suddenly armed boys, with masks and uniforms, started running around the hall. There were also shots in the air. Chechen terrorists took the theater with 700 hostages. Their leader, Movsar Barayev, nephew of Chechen guerrilla leader Shamil Basayev, sent a message to the Russian public that he will kill all the hostages if Russian forces do not withdraw from Chechnya. On Saturday, October 27, in the early hours of the morning, the Russian special forces "Alfa" of the Federal Security Service began the next terrorist operation to release the hostages. First they fired gas inside the theater to put everyone to sleep, and then the special forces entered. In a brief exchange of fire, all the female suicide bombers and most of the masked terrorists were killed. However, 118 hostages also died from gas poisoning.

The year 2002 was marked by floods in Central and Eastern Europe, which claimed 114 lives by mid-August. Germany and the Czech Republic suffered the most, but Austria also suffered seven billion euros in material damage. British soldiers also helped the Germans to defend themselves. A few days later, Prague was also flooded. The city was covered in mud for several weeks in a row, while the material damage was estimated at tens of billions of dollars.

In 2002, NATO experienced its largest expansion since its founding in 1949. At the Summit on 21 and 22 November, NATO invited Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia into its fold, leaving hosting Albania, Croatia and Macedonia. The European Union also expanded: from 15 states to 25 states. In 2002, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia were accepted.

During 2002, every day without exception, people died in the Middle East. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict was marked by a series of horrific suicide attacks by Palestinians, in which innocent civilians were killed, followed by brutal responses by the Israeli military. When Israel declared Yasser Arafat an enemy and began a weeks-long siege of his headquarters, the UN Security Council also had to react, so – with the US abstaining – fourteen countries accepted a resolution calling for The siege of the Palestinian president's headquarters in Ramallah ends.

In 2002, Italy was hit by floods, volcanic eruptions and strikes by Fiat workers, but this year the whole nation will remember the tragedy that struck the small country in the Molisa region. The October 31 earthquake damaged all the buildings in the city of San Giuliano di Puglia, but only one building collapsed. It was this school building, under the ruins of which 26 students remained dead. At the time of the collapse of the school building, there were 62 people in it, of which 56 were children, four teachers and two servants. In the earthquakes of 2002, over 4 Italians were left homeless.

In 2002, an ecological disaster occurred when the tanker "Prestige" sank, which was damaged near the coast of Galicia. This tanker carried 80 thousand tons of black gold. The strong winds on the coast of Galicia every day brought out thick layers of sticky mass that destroyed the animal world. The region that lived mainly from fishing and tourism felt the consequences of this disaster for several years.

In 2002 an alert was issued about the asteroid 2002 NT7 traveling towards Earth and that if it hits it could wipe out the human race. But we survived.

YEAR 2012: THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF ALBANIA'S INDEPENDENCE AND PROTESTS FOR RECIPROCITY WITH SERBIA

On November 28, Albanians around the world celebrated the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Albanian state. The leaders of Albania, Kosovo and Macedonian Albanians, in this 100th anniversary, have given "fiery" statements in favor of the unification of the Albanian nation, in a single state. Especially Prime Minister Sali Berisha. In Skopje, on November 25, he called for the unification of Albanians: "I want to call on Albanians to work every minute, every hour, every day, every week, every month, every year for their unification." In Tirana, on November 27, during the inauguration of the statue of Adem Jashari, he said: "Let us all work proudly with your heroism, for an Albanian nation united in all its ethnic territories." On the same date, in the evening in Vlorë, he spoke about the independence of ethnic Albania, of Albania of all Albanian lands - from Preveza to Preševo, from Skopje to Podgorica. These brought reactions from Greece, from Macedonia, from the USA, as well as from the Council of Ministers of the EU, which included a paragraph for Albania, which required the avoidance of statements that go against the spirit of good neighborliness. On December 12, Berisha softened his words and said that "there is not even a territorial ambition", adding that there is an albanophobic spirit in the region. Thus, the only step towards "unification", in 2012, was the joint Albania-Kosovo Primer. This Primer was evaluated by the representatives of Albania and Kosovo "as the realization of a dream of the Albanian nation". For the inauguration of Abetare, the state leaders chose Prizren.

However, the year 2012 in Kosovo does not start with holidays, but with riots. Dissatisfaction with the process of talks with Serbia led to serious clashes between the Kosovo Police and activists and the highest officials of the Vetëvendosje Movement near Merdara. In a protest on January 14, this political party led by Albin Kurti aimed to establish reciprocity measures with Serbia and banned the products of this country in Kosovo. Vetevendosje protests were repeated on January 22, but did not establish reciprocity with Serbia. Reciprocity did not happen even in 2022, when the power in Kosovo was in the hands of Vetevendosje.

In 2012, the fights between the deputies of the Democratic Party of Kosovo and the Vetëvendosje Movement began! Initially, the deputy of PDK, Latif Gashi - Lata, physically attacked the deputy of the Vetëvendosje! Movement, Rexhep Selimi, at the exit of the Assembly, while another attack by the deputy of Vetëvendosje, Florin Krasniqi, against the deputy of PDK immediately followed. of, Bekim Haxhiu-Kamishi.

In negotiations with Serbia, in 2012, Kosovo accepts the agreement for the asterisk that will be placed next to its name during presentations at regional initiatives and conferences. Former chief negotiator Edita Tahiri described this (footnote) as a snowflake that will melt. In 2012, Pristina-Belgrade talks begin at the level of prime ministers. The first symbolic meeting was held on October 19 in Brussels, between the Prime Minister of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi and that of Serbia Ivica Dacic, under the mediation of the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Policy, Catherine Ashton. From the three meetings held in Brussels between Thaçi and Daçık, their agreement on the implementation of the Agreement for Integrated Border Management emerged. This agreement was described by Thaçi as recognition of Kosovo's border by Serbia, while Daçiqi said that an agreement had been reached that recognizes the administrative and non-state border of Kosovo.

In 2012, a tragedy occurred: the avalanche in the village of Restelicë in Dragash, on February 11, took the lives of nine members of the Reka family, while stuck in the snow - the only one who escaped this avalanche - was the little girl Asmira Reka, five years old. The President of Kosovo, Atifete Jahjaga, announced February 13 as a day of national mourning, in honor of the members of the Reka families.

Spring 2012 brought to Kosovo the promises of the European Union for its European perspective. It was the commissioner Stefan Fule himself who launched the feasibility study for Kosovo as the first step towards negotiations for the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Then, on June 14, Kosovo received the guide, but not the visa liberalization date.

On July 2, the International Steering Group at the meeting held in Vienna decided that the international supervision of Kosovo's independence will be removed on September 10. In honor of this date, the architect of Kosovo's status as an independent state, Martti Ahtisaari, was invited to Pristina, as well as other international personalities. With the conclusion of the international supervision of the independence, President Ahtisaari's Plan, on the basis of which the independence of Kosovo was declared, coordinated with the USA and the most powerful European countries, was assessed as having been fulfilled at a satisfactory level, although all the actors accepted that this plan was not implemented in the northern municipalities. Although international supervision was put to an end, Kosovo at the same time agreed to give executive power to the European Union mission for the rule of law – EULEX, with which the international presence retained a significant part of the competences in the field of the rule of law. EULEX exercised its powers in several cases. However, the one that made the most noise was the re-opening of the process against PDK vice president and MP Fatmir Limaj accused of two crimes, one for war crimes and the other for corruption and organized crime. The process of the trial and subsequent retrial against Limaj, especially in the cases related to war crimes in the process known as "Kleçka", was described by the Kosovar side as a political process, while by EULEX as a process of administration of justice . Limaj is later acquitted.

In 2012, the youngest European state receives 12 new recognitions, but this did not round off the symbolism of the 100 recognitions of the state of Kosovo. Meanwhile, on October 31, Kosovo is visited by the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.

2012 was a year of several scandals. The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) faced many challenges and scandals during 2012. It is suspected that 1.4 million euros, intended for the production of biometric passports, were misused. The tools for the production of passports were planned to go to the company "Osterreichische Staatsdruckerei". Due to the "evaporation" of 1.4 million euros, the German citizen Natali Veliaj was arrested. The other scandal was the one that is still known today as "Pronto": the wiretapping of the phones of Hashim Thaçi, Kadri Veseli, Adem Grabovci, Vlora Çitaku and Sami Lushtak. In their phone conversations, the speaker of the Kosovo parliament, Jakup Krasniqi, was the most attacked. Meanwhile, the former mayor of the Municipality of Kaçanik, Xhabir Zharku, sentenced to three years in prison, avoids the sentence by fleeing to Sweden. And, in the Evidence Room at the Police Station in Peja, over 2012 kilograms of gold were stolen during 25. After this theft there were also arrests of police officers. For this scandal, the Government of Kosovo has been severely criticized by representatives of opposition parties and civil society. After several months, the Police Inspectorate of Kosovo had organized an action, where it had arrested several people in Peja and seized over 25 kilograms of gold. However, it was not known if the seized gold belongs to the Evidence Room at the Police Station in Peja.

Another important event in 2012 was this: The Hague Tribunal for war crimes in the former Yugoslavia, on November 29, 2012, declared Ramush Haradinaj and his two former comrades-in-arms innocent of all charges. Haradinaj was received with a state ceremony and crowds of people gathered in the streets of Pristina.

In 2012, Barack Obama won a second term as president of the United States, which was considered more important than winning the first term in 2008, because Americans this time voted based on the results and the belief that he will he should finish the work left in half.

In 2012, three pairs of important presidential elections were held in three permanent member states of the Security Council: in China, in Russia and in France. Xi Jinping began his rise as the most powerful man in China. Meanwhile, Vladimir Putin is again appointed president of Russia. His appointment has been followed by numerous reactions. Tens of thousands of protesters have taken to the streets of Moscow and other cities; dozens of activists have been arrested. His election, for the third time in the Kremlin, has encountered many irregularities and many international organizations have reported on this. Jinping and Putin today are the most dangerous people for democracy and peace in the world. Meanwhile, François Hollande of the Socialist Party wins the elections in France. He ran a campaign that focused on economic growth – as opposed to austerity – a policy that immediately put the new French leader at odds with Germany.

The Middle East was the biggest crisis of unrest, especially the Civil War in Syria where there was no international unity to properly solve the problem in this country: on one side were the Americans and Western allies, and on the other side China and Russia supporting the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Another problem was Iran and its nuclear program, because of which Western countries have imposed economic sanctions, while in many cases claims of war by Israel and the United States against this country have been heard. Meanwhile, the decision of the UN Assembly to accept Palestine as an observer state was regarded as the world's support for Palestinian interests. But things were not positive on the ground, as Israel did not back down: in February and October its troops bombed the Gaza Strip, causing great material and human damage in the Palestinian territories.

A special event in 2012 was the distribution of the Nobel Prize for the European Union. While many critics have ridiculed this country, according to others the award is important because it appreciated the contribution of six decades of the Union for the development of democracy and human rights in Europe, for solidarity and faith for the positive change of the world. The year 2012 will be remembered for some progress in the field of human rights in Europe. However, among the most special examples of human rights abuses is the hatred against journalists in Turkey and against Roma in Hungary. Violation of human rights has also occurred in Africa. Islamic fundamentalists took control in Mali where they imposed Taliban rules, which included a ban on listening to or playing music, which was even punishable by chopping off a hand. In the Republic of South Africa, the brutal rape of lesbians continued, this act was described as "corrective" that would have to change their sexual orientation.

The year 2012 has marked fewer disasters, but this does not mean that they have been absent. According to the data, disasters in 2012 took the lives of 11 people, while a year ago, only in Japan, 15 people died from the tsunami. When it comes to economic damages, the USA suffered the most from the superstorm "Sandy" that hit the east coast of the country at the end of October, with damages estimated at 878-30 billion dollars.

According to the World Meteorological Organization, the amount of carbon dioxide in 2011 has reached a record level, the point of no return.

The year 2012 was characterized by floods in many countries of the world: China, Russia, Great Britain, India, North Korea, Pakistan, etc. Meanwhile, Africa has been gripped by major droughts from which 18 million people were left without enough food.

The biggest discovery of 2012 is called the "God particle", or the "Higgs boson", which scientists have been looking for for 40 years and which will help scientists better analyze the mass, Big Ben and life itself.

It is worth mentioning the most discussed date of the year: December 21, 2012, as the end of the world. Again, thankfully we survived!

YEAR 2022: ANOTHER BAD YEAR

The year 2022 is marked by fear around the world, for a new world war. The reason for this was the invasion of Ukraine by Russia on February 24, which plunged the world into the biggest crisis since the end of the Cold War. As if that weren't enough – including crimes against humanity in Ukraine – Russia's leader, Vladimir Putin, threatens opponents with the use of nuclear weapons. This war has also caused the largest influx of refugees into Europe since the end of World War II, while it has claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians. The war also deepened the energy crisis, the food crisis and inflation. Inflation in the Eurozone reached 10.1 percent in November.

On the other side is China's threat to Taiwan's freedom. In China, Xi Jinping is re-elected as the head of the Communist Party at the 20th Congress in October, despite the fact that during his ten years at the head of the country he has demonstrated a desire for control, interfering in almost all the mechanisms of the country and violating the rights of to man.

In Albania, after a long period of procrastination and waiting, the European Union starts negotiations for membership. In the Security Council of the United Nations, Albania is appreciated for its engagement as an ally with the United States on the issue of Ukraine. Ilir Meta ended five years as the country's president. General Bajram Begaj took his place. Whereas, riots characterize the Democratic Party. The attempt by the supporters of the former Prime Minister Sali Berisha to take over the seat marked an irreparable break within the party. Lulzim Basha resigns from the post of chairman. Upon regaining control of the party, Berisha chose to stay closer to the new Freedom Party of ex-president Meta, who is declared by the File Authority to be a spy - as a whistleblower for a friend during his university years. Albania in 2022 was marked by many corruption scandals, the main one being what is known as the incinerator issue. Also, the country faced cyber attacks in July and September. The responsibility fell on Iran, to which Tirana chooses a strong response: the termination of diplomatic relations, for which it receives open support from the United States.

On November 27, the first joint meeting of the Assembly of Albania and the Assembly of Kosovo was held in Tirana, with the participation of high officials from both countries, in the framework of the 110th anniversary of the declaration of Independence of Albania. Meanwhile, on December 6, in Tirana, the EU-Western Balkans Summit was organized, the first held in the region. The summit brought together the leaders of the EU and the region, who discussed several issues in the capital of Albania.

And, in 2022, the Assembly of North Macedonia approved the new government led by Prime Minister Dimitar Kovacevski. In March, the State Statistics Agency of North Macedonia announced the results of the country's population census, announcing that a total of 2 citizens of the country were registered, of which 097 were residents and 319 were non-residents. On July 1, opposition protests began in Skopje against the "French proposal" for the settlement of the dispute between Skopje and Sofia, which continued in the following days, with incidents. In July, the Assembly of North Macedonia approved the conclusions that oblige the government to continue the process with the EU, as well as to approve the framework of negotiations for membership in the European bloc, respectively the "French proposal" proposed by the Presidency of France in the Council of EU.

In the USA, mid-term elections were held in November: the Democrats managed to keep control of the Senate. But this did not stop Republican Donald Trump from announcing his new candidacy for the 2024 presidential election.

After a series of scandals and a series of resignations, British Conservative Prime Minister Boris Johnson resigns in July. Liz Truss is named as his successor - two days before Queen Elizabeth's death on October 8, after 70 years on the throne. On September 10, Charles III is proclaimed king. Whereas, Truss's power lasted only 44 days. Rishi Sunak is appointed as the new British Prime Minister.

In 2022, disasters related to climate warming have multiplied. It was the hottest summer ever recorded in Europe; record temperatures and heat waves caused droughts and forest fires. After difficult negotiations, the UN climate conference (COP27) ended on November 20 in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt), with the compromise on aid for poor countries affected by climate change, but also with the failure to set ambitious new targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In mid-December, more than 190 countries adopt the historic agreement in Montreal in an effort to stop the destruction of biodiversity and natural resources.

On September 16, Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian of Kurdish origin, dies in hospital – three days after she was arrested by the so-called Morality Police who accused her of violating the Islamic Republic's strict dress code for women. Her death has sparked a wave of protests across Iran, unprecedented since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Authorities say at least 300 deaths have been recorded, while a Norway-based NGO puts the figure at 469.

After four years in power, Brazil's far-right president Jair Bolsonaro was defeated by leftist Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in the Oct. 30 presidential election. But two ultra-conservatives won in Europe: Viktor Orbani in Hungary and Giorgia Meloni in Italy.

Another event of 2022 was the purchase of the Twitter network by Elon Musk for 44 billion dollars. Some thought this was good for "free speech", some not.

Even Kosovo has faced various crises during 2022: in particular with inflation and the problems in the north of the country.

Kosovo started the year 2022 with warnings about an energy crisis. Import prices increased so much that there were reductions even during the summer. The prices of food products, as well as oil prices, also increased.

In August, the United Education Union of Kosovo (SBASHK) decided to go on a general strike. The strike lasted until October 3. But the biggest problems had to do with the north of the country. The government of Kosovo announced that it would remove from circulation cars with illegal license plates issued in Serbia. This decision fueled tensions and it took the intervention of the international community several times to calm the situation. Later, an agreement was reached in Brussels between Kosovo and Serbia according to which Serbia is obliged not to issue new license plates for Kosovo Serbs, meanwhile the Government of Kosovo waived the deadline for re-registration of vehicles with RKS plates. During this time, more than ten cars were burned in the north after they had previously registered the cars with the legal license plates of Kosovo. The director of the Kosovo Police for the region of North Mitrovica, Nend Gjuriq, refused to implement the decision on license plates in the north. He was suspended from work and this decision prompted the departure of Serbs from Kosovo's institutions. The North was also tense during December 2022, when Kosovo institutions decided to hold elections in the northern municipalities of North Mitrovica, Zveçan, Zubin Potok and Leposaviq. The CEC offices in North Mitrovica and Zubin Potok were attacked. As a suspect for the organization of this attack, the former police officer of the Kosovo Police, Dejan Pantiq, was arrested. This arrest prompted groups of Serbs to set up barricades in four northern municipalities: North Mitrovica, Zveçan, Zubin Potok and Leposaviq. They left after 20 days, on December 29. Kosovo's control in the north was decreasing more and more.

The month of July characterized Pristina with one of the great cultural events in Europe, "Manifesto, European Nomadic Biennial", which lasted 100 days and was dedicated to art in public spaces. Meanwhile, the best news for Kosovo in 2022 was that the ambassadors of the European Union member countries agreed to give the mandate to the European Council to negotiate the visa liberalization process for Kosovo with the European Parliament. /Telegraph/